{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T07:24:00Z","timestamp":1740122640929,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,27]],"date-time":"2016-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474934400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004794","name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Comput Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-016-0627-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,27]],"date-time":"2016-09-27T00:20:23Z","timestamp":1474935623000},"page":"53-70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Emergence of gamma motor activity in an artificial neural network model of the corticospinal system"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Bernard","family":"Grandjean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marc A","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"627_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1975.tb10071.x","volume":"95","author":"B Appelberg","year":"1975","unstructured":"Appelberg, B., Jeneskog, T., & Johansson, H. (1975). Rubrospinal control of static and dynamic fusimotor neurones. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 95(4), 431\u2013440.","journal-title":"Acta Physiologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"2","key":"627_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s004220050421","volume":"78","author":"DP Bashor","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bashor, D. P. (1998). A large-scale model of some spinal reflex circuits. Biological Cybernetics, 78(2), 147\u2013157.","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"627_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.20.4.367","volume":"20","author":"TS Buchanan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buchanan, T. S., Lloyd, D. G., Manal, K., & Besier, T. F. (2004). Neuromusculoskeletal modeling: estimation of muscle forces and joint moments and movements from measurements of neural command. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 20(4), 367\u2013395.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Biomechanics"},{"issue":"1","key":"627_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008598","volume":"198","author":"JF Clough","year":"1968","unstructured":"Clough, J. F., Kernell, D., & Phillips, C. G. (1968). The distribution of monosynaptic excitation from the pyramidal tract and from primary spindle afferents to motoneurones of the baboon's hand and forearm. Journal of Physiology, 198(1), 145\u2013166.","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"627_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1971.sp009524","volume":"216","author":"JF Clough","year":"1971","unstructured":"Clough, J. F., Phillips, C. G., & Sheridan, J. D. (1971). The short-latency projection from the baboon's motor cortex to fusimotor neurones of the forearm and hand. Journal of Physiology, 216(2), 257\u2013279.","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"627_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.3.749","volume":"112","author":"JG Colebatch","year":"1989","unstructured":"Colebatch, J. G., & Gandevia, S. C. (1989). The distribution of muscular weakness in upper motor neuron lesions affecting the arm. Brain, 112(Pt 3), 749\u2013763.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"41","key":"627_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13644","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2611-14.2014","volume":"34","author":"M Dimitriou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dimitriou, M. (2014). Human muscle spindle sensitivity reflects the balance of activity between antagonistic muscles. Journal of Neuroscience, 34(41), 13644\u201313655. doi: 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2611-14.2014 .","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"Pt 22","key":"627_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5455","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.160036","volume":"586","author":"M Dimitriou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dimitriou, M., & Edin, B. B. (2008). Discharges in human muscle spindle afferents during a key-pressing task. Journal of Physiology, 586(Pt 22), 5455\u20135470.","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"19","key":"627_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.08.049","volume":"20","author":"M Dimitriou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dimitriou, M., & Edin, B. B. (2010). Human muscle spindles act as forward sensory models. Current Biology, 20(19), 1763\u20131767. doi: 10.1016\/j.cub.2010.08.049 .","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"6","key":"627_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.63.6.1297","volume":"63","author":"BB Edin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Edin, B. B., & Vallbo, A. B. (1990a). Dynamic response of human muscle spindle afferents to stretch. Journal of Neurophysiology, 63(6), 1297\u20131206.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"627_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.63.6.1307","volume":"63","author":"BB Edin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Edin, B. B., & Vallbo, A. B. (1990b). Muscle afferent responses to isometric contractions and relaxations in humans. Journal of Neurophysiology, 63(6), 1307\u20131313.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"627_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12299","volume":"227","author":"PH Ellaway","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellaway, P. H., Taylor, A., & Durbaba, R. (2015). Muscle spindle and fusimotor activity in locomotion. Journal of Anatomy, 227(2), 157\u2013166. doi: 10.1111\/joa.12299 .","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"627_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1139\/y96-036","volume":"74","author":"EE Fetz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fetz, E. E., Perlmutter, S. I., Maier, M. A., Flament, D., & Fortier, P. A. (1996). Response patterns and post-spike effects of premotor neurons in cervical spinal cord of behaving monkeys. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 74, 531\u2013546.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"627_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.67.4.875","volume":"67","author":"D Flament","year":"1992","unstructured":"Flament, D., Fortier, P. A., & Fetz, E. E. (1992). Response patterns and postspike effects of peripheral afferents in dorsal root ganglia of behaving monkeys. Journal of Neurophysiology, 67(4), 875\u2013889.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"627_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1436","volume":"12","author":"P Freund","year":"2006","unstructured":"Freund, P., Schmidlin, E., Wannier, T., Bloch, J., Mir, A., Schwab, M. E., & Rouiller, E. M. (2006). Nogo-A-specific antibody treatment enhances sprouting and functional recovery after cervical lesion in adult primates. Nature Medicine, 12(7), 790\u2013792.","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"627_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-013-0491-3","volume":"37","author":"B Grandjean","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grandjean, B., & Maier, M. A. (2014). Model-based prediction of fusimotor activity and its effect on muscle spindle activity during voluntary wrist movements. Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 37(1), 49\u201363. doi: 10.1007\/s10827-013-0491-3 .","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"627_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1971.34.3.428","volume":"34","author":"P Grigg","year":"1971","unstructured":"Grigg, P., & Preston, J. B. (1971). Baboon flexor and extensor fusimotor neurons and their modulation by motor cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 34(3), 428\u2013436.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"627_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1967.30.6.1466","volume":"30","author":"J Houk","year":"1967","unstructured":"Houk, J., & Simon, W. (1967). Responses of Golgi tendon organs to forces applied to muscle tendon. Journal of Neurophysiology, 30, 1466\u20131481.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"627_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0027694","volume":"101","author":"M Hulliger","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hulliger, M. (1984). The mammalian muscle spindle and its central control. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, 101, 1\u2013110.","journal-title":"Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"627_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237722","volume":"37","author":"H Hultborn","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hultborn, H., Lindstr\u00f6m, S., & Wigstr\u00f6m, H. (1979). On the function of recurrent inhibition in the spinal cord. Experimental Brain Research, 37(2), 399\u2013403.","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"627_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0635c.xd","volume":"536","author":"KE Jones","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jones, K. E., Wessberg, J., & Vallbo, A. B. (2001). Directional tuning of human forearm muscle afferents during voluntary wrist movements. Journal of Physiology, 536(Pt 2), 635\u2013647.","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"627_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.621bb.x","volume":"513","author":"N Kakuda","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kakuda, N., & Nagaoka, M. (1998). Dynamic response of human muscle spindle afferents to stretch during voluntary contraction. Journal of Physiology, 513(Pt 2), 621\u2013628.","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"627_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021358","volume":"492","author":"N Kakuda","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kakuda, N., Vallbo, A. B., & Wessberg, J. (1996). Fusimotor and skeletomotor activities are increased with precision finger movement in man. Journal of Physiology, 492(Pt 3), 921\u2013929.","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"4\u20136","key":"627_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1159\/000102810","volume":"36","author":"TH Koeze","year":"1974","unstructured":"Koeze, T. H., Afshar, F., & Watkins, E. S. (1974). Fusimotor activation - effect of stimulation of the primate red nucleus. Confins de la Neurologie, 36(4\u20136), 341\u2013346.","journal-title":"Confins de la Neurologie"},{"issue":"12","key":"627_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02700.x","volume":"17","author":"G Lafargue","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lafargue, G., Paillard, J., Lamarre, Y., & Sirigu, A. (2003). Production and perception of grip force without proprioception: is there a sense of effort in deafferented subjects? European Journal of Neuroscience, 17(12), 2741\u20132749.","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"627_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2012.00066","volume":"6","author":"N Lan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lan, N., & He, X. (2012). Fusimotor control of spindle sensitivity regulates central and peripheral coding of joint angles. Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, 6, 66. doi: 10.3389\/fncom.2012.00066 .","journal-title":"Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"627_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/91.1.1","volume":"91","author":"DG Lawrence","year":"1968","unstructured":"Lawrence, D. G., & Kuypers, H. G. (1968a). The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. I. The effects of bilateral pyramidal lesions. Brain, 91(1), 1\u201314.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"627_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/91.1.15","volume":"91","author":"DG Lawrence","year":"1968","unstructured":"Lawrence, D. G., & Kuypers, H. G. (1968b). The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. II. The effects of lesions of the descending brain-stem pathways. Brain, 91(1), 15\u201336.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"627_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125547","volume":"31","author":"RN Lemon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lemon, R. N. (2008). Descending pathways in motor control. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 31, 195\u2013218.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"627_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968307301886","volume":"21","author":"PG Lindberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lindberg, P. G., Skej\u00f8, P. H., Rounis, E., Nagy, Z., Schmitz, C., Wernegren, H., Bring, A., Engardt, M., Forssberg, H., & Borg, J. (2007). Wallerian degeneration of the corticofugal tracts in chronic stroke: a pilot study relating diffusion tensor imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and hand function. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 21(6), 551\u2013560.","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair"},{"key":"627_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1990.055.01.074","volume":"55","author":"GE Loeb","year":"1990","unstructured":"Loeb, G. E., Levine, W. S., & He, J. (1990). Understanding sensorimotor feedback through optimal control. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 55, 791\u2013803.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"627_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.191bi.x","volume":"511","author":"MA Maier","year":"1998","unstructured":"Maier, M. A., Illert, M., Kirkwood, P. A., Nielsen, J., & Lemon, R. N. (1998a). Does a C3-C4 propriospinal system transmit corticospinal excitation in the primate? An investigation in the macaque monkey. Journal of Physiology, 511(Pt 1), 191\u2013212.","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"627_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.5.2495","volume":"80","author":"MA Maier","year":"1998","unstructured":"Maier, M. A., Perlmutter, S. I., & Fetz, E. E. (1998b). Response patterns and force relations of monkey spinal interneurons during active wrist movement. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(5), 2495\u20132513.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"627_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-005-0899-5","volume":"19","author":"MA Maier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Maier, M. A., Shupe, L. E., & Fetz, E. E. (2005). Dynamic neural network models of the premotoneuronal circuitry controlling wrist movements in primates. Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 19(2), 125\u2013146.","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"627_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219635211002786","volume":"10","author":"M Manuel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Manuel, M., & Zytnicki, D. (2011). Alpha, beta and gamma motoneurons: functional diversity in the motor system's final pathway. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 10(3), 243\u2013276.","journal-title":"Journal of Integrative Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"627_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.05.066","volume":"1018","author":"G Nafati","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nafati, G., Rossi-Durand, C., & Schmied, A. (2004). Proprioceptive control of human wrist extensor motor units during an attention-demanding task. Brain Research, 1018(2), 208\u2013220.","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"627_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/105.2.223","volume":"105","author":"PW Nathan","year":"1982","unstructured":"Nathan, P. W., & Smith, M. C. (1982). The rubrospinal and central tegmental tracts in man. Brain, 105(Pt 2), 223\u2013269.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"627_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1979.42.1.183","volume":"42","author":"A Polit","year":"1979","unstructured":"Polit, A., & Bizzi, E. (1979). Characteristics of motor programs underlying arm movements in monkeys. Journal of Neurophysiology, 42, 183\u2013194.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"627_CR39","unstructured":"Prochazka, A. (1996). Proprioceptive feedback and movement regulation. In: Handbook of Physiology. Exercise: Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems, sect. 12, part I, 1996. pp. 89\u2013127, Bethesda, MD: Am Physiol Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"627_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c100086","volume":"2","author":"A Prochazka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prochazka, A., & Ellaway, P. (2012). Sensory systems in the control of movement. Comprehensive Physiology, 2(4), 2615\u20132627. doi: 10.1002\/cphy.c100086 .","journal-title":"Comprehensive Physiology"},{"key":"627_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)90632-8","volume":"339","author":"A Prochazka","year":"1985","unstructured":"Prochazka, A., Hulliger, M., Zangger, P., & Appenteng, K. (1985). Fusimotor set\u2019: new evidence for alpha-independent control of gamma-motoneurones during movement in the awake cat. Brain Research, 339, 136\u2013140.","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"28","key":"627_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9431","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5537-09.2010","volume":"30","author":"G Raphael","year":"2010","unstructured":"Raphael, G., Tsianos, G. A., & Loeb, G. E. (2010). Spinal-like regulator facilitates control of a two-degree-of-freedom wrist. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(28), 9431\u20139444. doi: 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5537-09.2010 .","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"627_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathelot, J. A., & Strick, P. L. (2006). Muscle representation in the macaque motor cortex: an anatomical perspective. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 103(21), 8257\u20138262.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602933103"},{"key":"627_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.91041.2008","volume":"101","author":"E Ribot-Ciscar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ribot-Ciscar, E., Hospod, V., Roll, J. P., & Aimonetti, J. M. (2009). Fusimotor drive may adjust muscle spindle feedback to task requirements in humans. Journal of Neurophysiology, 101, 633\u2013640.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"15","key":"627_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4993","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3720-08.2009","volume":"29","author":"CN Riddle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Riddle, C. N., Edgley, S. A., & Baker, S. N. (2009). Direct and indirect connections with upper limb motoneurons from the primate reticulospinal tract. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(15), 4993\u20134999.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"627_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018357","volume":"431","author":"JC Rothwell","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rothwell, J. C., Gandevia, S. C., & Burke, D. (1990). Activation of fusimotor neurones by motor cortical stimulation in human subjects. Journal of Physiology (London), 431, 743\u2013756.","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology (London)"},{"issue":"3","key":"627_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.3.979","volume":"81","author":"JN Sanes","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sanes, J. N., Mauritz, K. H., Evarts, E. V., Dalakas, M. C., & Chu, A. (1984). Motor deficits in patients with large-fiber sensory neuropathy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 81(3), 979\u2013982.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA"},{"issue":"5","key":"627_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00342.2004","volume":"92","author":"S Sasaki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sasaki, S., Isa, T., Pettersson, L. G., Alstermark, B., Naito, K., Yoshimura, K., Seki, K., & Ohki, Y. (2004). Dexterous finger movements in primate without monosynaptic corticomotoneuronal excitation. Journal of Neurophysiology, 92(5), 3142\u20133147.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"627_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1985.54.5.1228","volume":"54","author":"MH Schieber","year":"1985","unstructured":"Schieber, M. H., & Thach, W. T. (1985). Trained slow tracking. II. Bidirectional discharge patterns of cerebellar nuclear, motor cortex, and spindle afferent neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 54(5), 1228\u20131270.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"627_CR50","first-page":"532","volume":"5","author":"SH Scott","year":"2004","unstructured":"Scott, S. H. (2004). Optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor control. Nature review. Neuroscience, 5(7), 532\u2013546.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"627_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(71)90328-3","volume":"32","author":"AI Shapovalov","year":"1971","unstructured":"Shapovalov, A. I., Karamjan, O. A., Kurchavyi, G. G., & Repina, Z. A. (1971). Synaptic actions evoked from the red nucleus on the spinal alpha-motorneurons in the rhesus monkey. Brain Research, 32(2), 325\u2013348.","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"627_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.101634","volume":"571","author":"A Taylor","year":"2006","unstructured":"Taylor, A., Durbaba, R., Ellaway, P. H., & Rawlinson, S. (2006). Static and dynamic gamma-motor output to ankle flexor muscles during locomotion in the decerebrate cat. Journal of Physiology, 571(Pt 3), 711\u2013723.","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"627_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1970.tb04823.x","volume":"80","author":"AB Vallbo","year":"1970","unstructured":"Vallbo, A. B. (1970). Discharge patterns in human muscle spindle afferents during isometric voluntary contractions. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 80(4), 552\u2013566.","journal-title":"Acta Physiologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"1","key":"627_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)90819-2","volume":"223","author":"AB Vallbo","year":"1981","unstructured":"Vallbo, A. B., & Hulliger, M. (1981). Independence of skeletomotor and fusimotor activity in man? Brain Research, 223(1), 176\u2013180.","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"627_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.2.270","volume":"1","author":"RJ Williams","year":"1989","unstructured":"Williams, R. J., & Zipser, D. (1989). A learning algorithm for continually running recurrent neural networks. Neural Computation, 1(2), 270\u2013280.","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"issue":"5","key":"627_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2007.11.009","volume":"75","author":"U Windhorst","year":"2008","unstructured":"Windhorst, U. (2008). Muscle spindles are multi-functional. Brain Research Bulletin, 75(5), 507\u2013508. doi: 10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2007.11.009 .","journal-title":"Brain Research Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"627_CR57","first-page":"359","volume":"17","author":"FE Zajac","year":"1989","unstructured":"Zajac, F. E. (1989). Muscle and tendon: properties, models, scaling, and application to biomechanics and motor control. Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 17(4), 359\u2013411.","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10827-016-0627-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10827-016-0627-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10827-016-0627-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]],"date-time":"2019-09-13T21:14:53Z","timestamp":1568409293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10827-016-0627-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,27]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10827-016-0627-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-5313","1573-6873"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0929-5313"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-6873"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,27]]}}}