{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:51:44Z","timestamp":1775091104166,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]],"date-time":"2017-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]],"date-time":"2017-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01DA040990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA040990"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-15-1-2256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-15-1-2256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY027544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY027544"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Comput Neurosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-017-0659-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]],"date-time":"2017-09-19T01:40:30Z","timestamp":1505785230000},"page":"227-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A recurrent neural model for proto-object based contour integration and figure-ground segregation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5866-8762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernst","family":"Niebur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"659_CR1","unstructured":"Ardila, D, Mihalas, S, von der Heydt, R, & Niebur, E (2012). Medial axis generation in a model of perceptual organization. In IEEE CISS-2012 46th Annual conference on information sciences and systems (pp. 1\u20134). NJ: IEEE, Princeton University."},{"issue":"2","key":"659_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2005.847388","volume":"13","author":"K Baek","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baek, K, & Sajda, P (2005). Inferring figure-ground using a recurrent integrate-and-fire neural circuit. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 13(2), 125\u2013130.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"issue":"6","key":"659_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-06-02112.1997","volume":"17","author":"WH Bosking","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bosking, WH, Zhang, Y, Schofield, B, & Fitzpatrick, D (1997). Orientation selectivity and the arrangement of horizontal connections in tree shrew striate cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 17(6), 2112\u20132127.","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"659_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1278","volume":"7","author":"S Brincat","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brincat, S, & Connor, C (2004). Underlying principles of visual shape selectivity in posterior inferotemporal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 880\u2013886.","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"659_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.03.023","volume":"82","author":"M Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen, M, Yan, Y, Gong, X, Gilbert, CD, Liang, H, & Li, W (2014). Incremental integration of global contours through interplay between visual cortical areas. Neuron, 82(3), 682\u2013694.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"42","key":"659_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17,095","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1310806110","volume":"110","author":"MA Cox","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cox, MA, Schmid, MC, Peters, AJ, Saunders, RC, Leopold, DA, & Maier, A (2013). Receptive field focus of visual area V4 neurons determines responses to illusory surfaces. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(42), 17,095\u201317,100.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"659_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4310","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00203.2007","volume":"97","author":"E Craft","year":"2007","unstructured":"Craft, E, Sch\u00fctze, H, Niebur, E, & von der Heydt, R (2007). A neural model of figure-ground organization. Journal of Neurophysiology, 97(6), 4310\u20134326. pMID: 17442769.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"23","key":"659_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9248","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-23-09248.1997","volume":"17","author":"SC de Oliveira","year":"1997","unstructured":"de Oliveira, SC, Thiele, A, & Hoffmann, KP (1997). Synchronization of neuronal activity during stimulus expectation in a direction discrimination task. Journal of Neuroscience, 17(23), 9248\u20139260.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"7","key":"659_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1167\/8.7.10","volume":"8","author":"D Domijan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Domijan, D, & S\u0307eti\u0107, M (2008). A feedback model of figure-ground assignment. Journal of Vision, 8(7), 10\u201310.","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"659_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dong, Y, Mihalas, S, Qiu, F, von der Heydt, R, & Niebur, E (2008). Synchrony and the binding problem in macaque visual cortex. Journal of Vision, 8(7), 1\u201316. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/8.7.30\n                    \n                  . pMC2647779. \n                    http:\/\/journalofvision.org\/8\/7\/30\/\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1167\/8.7.30"},{"key":"659_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.113.4.501","volume":"113","author":"J Duncan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Duncan, J (1984). Selective attention and the organization of visual information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 501\u2013517.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"659_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.123.2.161","volume":"123","author":"R Egly","year":"1994","unstructured":"Egly, R, Driver, J, & Rafal, R (1994). Shifting visual attention between objects and locations: evidence for normal and parietal lesion subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123, 161\u2013177.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"38","key":"659_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14,298","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800968105","volume":"105","author":"B Epshtein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Epshtein, B, Lifshitz, I, & Ullman, S (2008). Image interpretation by a single bottom-up top-down cycle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(38), 14,298\u201314,303.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"659_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(93)90156-Q","volume":"33","author":"DJ Field","year":"1993","unstructured":"Field, DJ, Hayes, A, & Hess, RF (1993). Contour integration by the human visual system: evidence for a local association field. Vision Research, 33(2), 173\u2013193.","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"659_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-07-02432.1989","volume":"9","author":"C Gilbert","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gilbert, C, & Wiesel, T (1989). Columnar specificity of intrinsic horizontal and cortico- cortical connections in cat visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 2432\u20132442.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"659_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.85.3.1328","volume":"85","author":"P Girard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Girard, P, Hup\u00e9, J, & Bullier, J (2001). Feedforward and feedback connections between areas V1 and V2 of the monkey have similar rapid conduction velocities. Journal of Neurophysiology, 85, 1328\u20131331.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"659_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/338334a0","volume":"338","author":"C Gray","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gray, C, K\u00f6nig, P, Engel, A, & Singer, W (1989). Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortx exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties. Nature, 338, 334\u2013337.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"659_CR18","volume-title":"Signal detection theory and psychophysics","author":"DM Green","year":"1966","unstructured":"Green, DM, & Swets, JA. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Wiley."},{"key":"659_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206880","volume":"55","author":"S Grossberg","year":"1994","unstructured":"Grossberg, S (1994). 3-D vision and figure-ground separation by visual cortex. Perception & Psychophysics, 55, 48\u2013120.","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"3","key":"659_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.3.618","volume":"104","author":"S Grossberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Grossberg, S (1997). Cortical dynamics of three-dimensional figure\u2013ground perception of two-dimensional pictures. Psychological Review, 104(3), 618. pMID 9243966.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"24","key":"659_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11,155","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.24.11155","volume":"9","author":"ZJ He","year":"1995","unstructured":"He, ZJ, & Nakayama, K (1995). Visual attention to surfaces in three-dimensional space. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 9(24), 11,155\u201311,159. pMID 7479956.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA"},{"issue":"5","key":"659_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl020","volume":"17","author":"J Hegd\u00e9","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hegd\u00e9, J, & Van Essen, DC (2007). A comparative study of shape representation in macaque visual areas V2 and V4. Cerebral Cortex, 17(5), 1100\u20131116.","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"44","key":"659_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11,338","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1857-16.2016","volume":"36","author":"JK Hesse","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hesse, JK, & Tsao, DY (2016). Consistency of border-ownership cells across artificial stimuli, natural stimuli, and stimuli with ambiguous contours. Journal of Neuroscience, 36(44), 11,338\u201311,349.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2009.02.004","volume":"132","author":"MC Ho","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ho, MC, & Yeh, SL (2009). Effects of instantaneous object input and past experience on object-based attention. Acta Psychologica, 132(1), 31\u201339.","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"issue":"5","key":"659_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01091-7","volume":"36","author":"S Hochstein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hochstein, S, & Ahissar, M (2002). View from the top: hierarchies and reverse hierarchies in the visual system. Neuron, 36(5), 791\u2013804.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"659_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507746103","volume":"103","author":"J Hopf","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hopf, J, Boehler, C, Luck, S, Tsotsos, J, Heinze, H, & Schoenfeld, M (2006). Direct neurophysiological evidence for spatial suppression surrounding the focus of attention in vision. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(4), 1053. pMID 16410356.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"659_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu, B, von der Heydt, R, & Niebur, E (2015). A neural model for perceptual organization of 3D surfaces. In IEEE CISS-2015 49th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CISS.2015.7086906\n                    \n                   (pp. 1\u20136). Baltimore: IEEE Information Theory Society.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISS.2015.7086906"},{"key":"659_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/29537","volume":"394","author":"J Hup\u00e9","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hup\u00e9, J, James, A, Payne, B, Lomber, S, Girard, P, & Bullier, J (1998). Cortical feedback improves discrimination between figure and background by V1, V2 and V3 neurons. Nature, 394, 784\u2013 787.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"659_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.2001.0755","volume":"43","author":"J Intriligator","year":"2001","unstructured":"Intriligator, J, & Cavanagh, P (2001). The spatial resolution of visual attention. Cognitive Psychology, 43, 171\u2013216.","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"659_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.03.008","volume":"235","author":"AK Jansen-Amorim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jansen-Amorim, AK, Fiorani, M, & Gattass, R (2012). GABA inactivation of area V4 changes receptive-field properties of V2 neurons in Cebus monkeys. Experimental Neurology, 235(2), 553\u2013562.","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"659_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.12.018","volume":"47","author":"JF Jehee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jehee, JF, Lamme, VA, & Roelfsema, PR (2007). Boundary assignment in a recurrent network architecture. Vision Research, 47(9), 1153\u20131165.","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"659_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kikuchi, M, & Akashi, Y (2001). A model of border-ownership coding in early vision. In Dorffner, G, Bischof, H, & Hornik, K (Eds.) ICANN (Vol. 2001, pp. 1069\u20131074).","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44668-0_148"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194045","volume":"14","author":"R Kimchi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kimchi, R, Yeshurun, Y, & Cohen-Savransky, A (2007). Automatic, stimulus-driven attentional capture by objecthood. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 14(1), 166\u2013172.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review"},{"key":"659_CR34","volume-title":"Principles of Gestalt psychology","author":"K Koffka","year":"1935","unstructured":"Koffka, K. (1935). Principles of Gestalt psychology. New York: Harcourt-Brace."},{"issue":"4","key":"659_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1992.tb00884.x","volume":"4","author":"AK Kreiter","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kreiter, AK, & Singer, W (1992). Oscillatory neuronal responses in the visual cortex of the awake macaque monkey. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 4(4), 369\u2013375.","journal-title":"The European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"659_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-02-01605.1995","volume":"15","author":"VAF Lamme","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lamme, VAF (1995). The neurophysiology of figure-ground segregation in primary visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 1605\u20131615.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"659_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.3263","volume":"9","author":"VAF Lamme","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lamme, VAF, Zipser, K, & Spekreijse, H (1998). Figure-ground activity in primary visual cortex is suppressed by anesthesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 9(6), 3263\u20133268.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"13","key":"659_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/12.13.8","volume":"12","author":"OW Layton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Layton, OW, Mingolla, E, & Yazdanbakhsh, A (2012). Dynamic coding of border-ownership in visual cortex. Journal of vision, 12(13), 8.","journal-title":"Journal of vision"},{"key":"659_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00464-1","volume":"38","author":"TS Lee","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lee, TS, Mumford, D, Romero, R, & Lamme, VAF (1998). The role of the primary visual cortex in higher level vision. Vision Research, 38, 2429\u20132452.","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"659_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1162\/089976698300017557","volume":"10","author":"Z Li","year":"1998","unstructured":"Li, Z (1998). A neural model of contour integration in the primary visual cortex. Neural Computation, 10, 903\u2013940.","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"issue":"3","key":"659_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.12.011","volume":"57","author":"W Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li, W, Pi\u00ebch, V, & Gilbert, CD (2008). Learning to link visual contours. Neuron, 57(3), 442\u2013451.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"17","key":"659_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6860","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3590-14.2015","volume":"35","author":"AB Martin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martin, AB, & von der Heydt, R (2015). Spike synchrony reveals emergence of proto-objects in visual cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 35(17), 6860\u20136870.","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"659_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-01-00431.1999","volume":"19","author":"CJ McAdams","year":"1999","unstructured":"McAdams, CJ, & Maunsell, JHR (1999). Effects of attention on orientation-tuning functions of single neurons in macaque cortical area V4. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 431\u2013441.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"18","key":"659_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7583","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014655108","volume":"108","author":"S Mihalas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mihalas, S, Dong, Y, von der Heydt, R, & Niebur, E (2011). Mechanisms of perceptual organization provide auto-zoom and auto-localization for attention to objects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(18), 7583\u20137588 . pMC3088583.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"659_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-04-02178.1994","volume":"14","author":"BC Motter","year":"1994","unstructured":"Motter, BC (1994). Neural correlates of attentive selection for color or luminance in extrastriate area V4. Journal of Neuroscience, 14, 2178\u20132189.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"659_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2004.01.136","volume":"58-60","author":"H Nishimura","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nishimura, H, & Sakai, K (2004). Determination of border-ownership based on the surround context of contrast. Neurocomputing, 58-60, 843\u2013848.","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"659_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2004.10.057","volume":"65","author":"H Nishimura","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nishimura, H, & Sakai, K (2005). The computational model for border-ownership determination consisting of surrounding suppression and facilitation in early vision. Neurocomputing, 65, 77\u201383.","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"659_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pao, HK, Geiger, D, & Rubin, N (1999). Measuring convexity for figure\/ground separation. In 7th \n                           international conference on computer vision. Kerkyra.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.1999.790350"},{"issue":"12","key":"659_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1038\/972","volume":"5","author":"A Pasupathy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pasupathy, A, & Connor, CE (2002). Population coding of shape in area V4. Nature Neuroscience, 5(12), 1332\u20131338.","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"43","key":"659_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4108","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1317019110","volume":"110","author":"V Pi\u00ebch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pi\u00ebch, V, Li, W, Reeke, GN, & Gilbert, CD (2013). Network model of top-down influences on local gain and contextual interactions in visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(43), E4108\u2013E4117. pMC3808648.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"659_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/35372","volume":"391","author":"U Polat","year":"1998","unstructured":"Polat, U, Mizobe, K, Pettet, MW, Kasamatsu, T, & Norcia, AM (1998). Collinear stimuli regulate visual responses depending on cell\u2019s contrast threshold. Nature, 391, 580\u2013584.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.04.032","volume":"75","author":"J Poort","year":"2012","unstructured":"Poort, J, Raudies, F, Wannig, A, Lamme, VA, Neumann, H, & Roelfsema, PR (2012). The role of attention in figure-ground segregation in areas V1 and V4 of the visual cortex. Neuron, 75(1), 143\u2013156.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"659_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.05.028","volume":"47","author":"FT Qiu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Qiu, FT, & von der Heydt, R (2005). Figure and ground in the visual cortex: V2 combines stereoscopic cues with Gestalt rules. Neuron, 47, 155\u2013166.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"3","key":"659_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1853","volume":"10","author":"FT Qiu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Qiu, FT, & von der Heydt, R (2007). Neural representation of transparent overlay. Nature Neuroscience, 10 (3), 283\u2013284.","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"11","key":"659_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1989","volume":"10","author":"FT Qiu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Qiu, FT, Sugihara, T, & von der Heydt, R (2007). Figure-ground mechanisms provide structure for selective attention. Nature Neuroscience, 10(11), 1492\u20131499.","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1\/2\/3","key":"659_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/135062800394667","volume":"7","author":"RA Rensink","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rensink, RA (2000). The dynamic representation of scenes. Visual Cognition, 7(1\/2\/3), 17\u201342.","journal-title":"Visual Cognition"},{"key":"659_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112939","volume":"29","author":"PR Roelfsema","year":"2006","unstructured":"Roelfsema, PR (2006). Cortical algorithms for perceptual grouping. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 29, 203\u2013227.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"659_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1304","volume":"7","author":"PR Roelfsema","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roelfsema, PR, Lamme, VAF, & Spekreijse, H (2004). Synchrony and covariation of firing rates in the primary visual cortex during contour grouping. Nature Neuroscience, 7(9), 982\u2013991. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn1304\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"659_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2013.10.005","volume":"94","author":"AF Russell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Russell, AF, Mihalas, S, von der Heydt, R, Niebur, E, & Etienne-Cummings, R (2014). A model of proto-object based saliency. Vision Research, 94, 1\u201315.","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"659_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1995.7.2.267","volume":"7","author":"P Sajda","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sajda, P, & Finkel, L (1995). Intermediate-level visual representations and the construction of surface perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 7, 267\u2013291.","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"659_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2012.05.006","volume":"33","author":"K Sakai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sakai, K, Nishimura, H, Shimizu, R, & Kondo, K (2012). Consistent and robust determination of border ownership based on asymmetric surrounding contrast. Neural Networks, 33, 257\u2013 274.","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"659_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(00)00152-9","volume":"80","author":"BJ Scholl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Scholl, BJ (2001). Objects and attention: the state of the art. Cognition, 80(1-2), 1\u201346.","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"9","key":"659_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114a","DOI":"10.1167\/3.9.114","volume":"3","author":"H Sch\u00fctze","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sch\u00fctze, H, Niebur, E, & von der Heydt, R (2003). Modeling cortical mechanisms of border ownership coding. Journals of Vision, 3(9), 114a.","journal-title":"Journals of Vision"},{"key":"659_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80821-1","volume":"24","author":"W Singer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Singer, W (1999). Neuronal synchrony: a versatile code for the definition of relations? Neuron, 24, 49\u201365.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR65","first-page":"510","volume":"21","author":"M Stemmler","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stemmler, M, Usher, M, & Niebur, E (1995). Lateral cortical connections may contribute to both contour completion and redundancy reduction in visual processing. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 21(1), 510.","journal-title":"Society for Neuroscience Abstracts"},{"issue":"4","key":"659_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01029-2","volume":"36","author":"DD Stettler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stettler, DD, Das, A, Bennett, J, & Gilbert, CD (2002). Lateral connectivity and contextual interactions in macaque primary visual cortex. Neuron, 36(4), 739\u2013750.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00928.2010","volume":"106","author":"T Sugihara","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sugihara, T, Qiu, FT, & von der Heydt, R (2011). The speed of context integration in the visual cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 106(1), 374\u2013385. pMC3129740.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"659_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.02.023","volume":"61","author":"KA Sundberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sundberg, KA, Mitchell, JF, & Reynolds, JH (2009). Spatial attention modulates center-surround interactions in macaque visual area v4. Neuron, 61, 952\u2013963.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"14","key":"659_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.001","volume":"45","author":"H Sup\u00e8r","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sup\u00e8r, H, & Lamme, VA (2007). Altered figure-ground perception in monkeys with an extra-striate lesion. Neuropsychologia, 45(14), 3329\u20133334.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"6921","key":"659_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01285","volume":"421","author":"A Thiele","year":"2003","unstructured":"Thiele, A, & Stoner, G (2003). Neuronal synchrony does not correlate with motion coherence in cortical area MT. Nature, 421(6921), 366\u2013370.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"659_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80070-5","volume":"6","author":"A Treisman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Treisman, A (1996). The binding problem. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 6(2), 171\u2013178.","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"659_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/21176","volume":"399","author":"S Treue","year":"1999","unstructured":"Treue, S, & Martinez Trujillo, J.C. (1999). Feature-based attention influences motion processing gain in macaque visual cortex. Nature, 399, 575\u2013579.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"659_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01814-2","volume":"24","author":"S Treue","year":"2001","unstructured":"Treue, S (2001). Neural correlates of attention in primate visual cortex. Trends in Neurosciences, 24, 295\u2013300.","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"659_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2014.00093","volume":"8","author":"S Tschechne","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tschechne, S, & Neumann, H (2014). Hierarchical representation of shapes in visual cortex\u2014from localized features to figural shape segregation. Frontiers in computational neuroscience, 8, 93.","journal-title":"Frontiers in computational neuroscience"},{"key":"659_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsotsos, JK (2011). A computational perspective on visual attention. MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262015417.001.0001"},{"key":"659_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(84)90023-4","volume":"18","author":"S Ullman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ullman, S (1984). Visual routines. Cognition, 18, 97\u2013159.","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"1281","key":"659_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1992.0115","volume":"337","author":"S Ullman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ullman, S, Gregory, R, & Atkinson, J (1992). Low-level aspects of segmentation and recognition [and discussion]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 337(1281), 371\u2013379.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"659_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm061","volume":"18","author":"LG Ungerleider","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ungerleider, LG, Galkin, TW, Desimone, R, & Gattass, R (2007). Cortical connections of area V4 in the macaque. Cerebral Cortex, 18(3), 477\u2013499.","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"9","key":"659_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666a","DOI":"10.1167\/3.9.666","volume":"3","author":"R von der Heydt","year":"2003","unstructured":"von der Heydt, R, Qiu, FT, & He, ZJ (2003). Neural mechanisms in border ownership assignment: motion parallax and gestalt cues. Journal of Vision, 3(9), 666a.","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"3","key":"659_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01142.2015","volume":"116","author":"N Wagatsuma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wagatsuma, N, von der Heydt, R, & Niebur, E (2016). Spike synchrony generated by modulatory common input through NMDA-type synapses. Journal of Neurophysiology, 116(3), 1418\u20131433.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"27","key":"659_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6106","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1459-04.2004","volume":"24","author":"D Wegener","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wegener, D, Freiwald, WA, & Kreiter, AK (2004). The influence of sustained selective attention on stimulus selectivity in macaque visual area mt. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(27), 6106\u20136114.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"659_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00410640","volume":"4","author":"M Wertheimer","year":"1923","unstructured":"Wertheimer, M (1923). Untersuchungen zur Lehre von der Gestalt II. Psychologische Forschung, 4, 301\u2013350.","journal-title":"Psychologische Forschung"},{"issue":"10","key":"659_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30,040","DOI":"10.4249\/scholarpedia.30040","volume":"8","author":"JR Williford","year":"2013","unstructured":"Williford, JR, & von der Heydt, R (2013). Border-ownership coding. Scholarpedia, 8(10), 30,040.","journal-title":"Scholarpedia"},{"issue":"10","key":"659_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1167\/14.10.588","volume":"14","author":"JR Williford","year":"2014","unstructured":"Williford, JR, & von der Heydt, R (2014). Early visual cortex assigns border ownership in natural scenes according to image context. Journal of Vision, 14(10), 588\u2013588.","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"6","key":"659_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ENEURO","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0127-16.2016","volume":"3","author":"JR Williford","year":"2016","unstructured":"Williford, JR, & von der Heydt, R (2016). Figure-ground organization in visual cortex for natural scenes. eNeuro, 3(6), ENEURO\u20130127.","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"issue":"5","key":"659_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00197-1","volume":"38","author":"SC Yen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yen, SC, & Finkel, LH (1998). Extraction of perceptually salient contours by striate cortical networks. Vision Research, 38(5), 719\u2013741.","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1978.sp012272","volume":"277","author":"SM Zeki","year":"1978","unstructured":"Zeki, SM (1978). Uniformity and diversity of structure and function in rhesus monkey prestriate visual cortex. The Journal of Physiology, 277(1), 273\u2013290.","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"19","key":"659_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6482","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5168-09.2010","volume":"30","author":"N Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang, N, & von der Heydt, R (2010). Analysis of the context integration mechanisms underlying figure\u2013ground organization in the visual cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(19), 6482\u20136496. pMC2910339.","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"659_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.04.005","volume":"47","author":"L Zhaoping","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhaoping, L (2005). Border ownership from intracortical interactions in visual area V2. Neuron, 47, 43\u2013153. pMID 15996554.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"17","key":"659_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6594","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-17-06594.2000","volume":"20","author":"H Zhou","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhou, H, Friedman, HS, & von der Heydt, R (2000). Coding of border ownership in monkey visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 20(17), 6594\u20136611. pMID 10964965.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"659_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2006.04.019","volume":"89","author":"T Zwickel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zwickel, T, Wachtler, T, & Eckhorn, R (2007). Coding the presence of visual objects in a recurrent neural network of visual cortex. Bio Systems, 89(1), 216\u2013226.","journal-title":"Bio Systems"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10827-017-0659-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10827-017-0659-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10827-017-0659-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]],"date-time":"2020-05-17T10:28:54Z","timestamp":1589711334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10827-017-0659-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10827-017-0659-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-5313","1573-6873"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-5313","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6873","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2017","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2017","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2017","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}]}}