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Many authors focused on reliability-based approaches to optimize O&amp;M, but little attention has been given to study the influence of macroeconomic variables on the long-term maintenance policy. This work aims to optimize time-based maintenance (TBM) policy in the mining industry. The mine environment is reproduced employing a virtual model that resembles a digital twin (DT) of the system. The effect of maintenance decisions is replicated by a discrete event simulation (DES), whereas a model of the financial operability of the mine is realized through System Dynamics (SD). The simultaneous use of DES and the SD allows us to reproduce the environment with high-fidelity and to minimize the cost of O&amp;M. The selected illustrative case example demonstrates that the proposed approach is feasible. The issues of using high dimensional simulation data from DT-models in managerial decision making is identified and discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-021-01740-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T03:02:36Z","timestamp":1613962956000},"page":"1953-1973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Maintenance optimization for a multi-unit system with digital twin simulation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9721-642X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyrki","family":"Savolainen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0519-6829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Urbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"1740_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1080\/0951192X.2019.1686173","volume":"32","author":"P Aivaliotis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aivaliotis, P., Georgoulias, K., & Chryssolouris, G. 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