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The COGNitive Industries for smart MANufacturing (COGNIMAN) architecture addresses these gaps by integrating advanced technologies with a focus on human-centric design. This article introduces COGNIMAN architecture as an essential pillar for Industry 5.0, enhancing operational efficiency through continuous monitoring, real-time data analysis, and predictive insights powered by machine learning. Its modular design optimizes resource utilization, reduces waste, and improves energy efficiency, aligning with eco-conscious manufacturing trends. By integrating sensors, robotics, digital twins, simulation, and AI, COGNIMAN offers a flexible, resilient, and sustainable platform adaptable to various manufacturing processes. The novelty of COGNIMAN architecture lies in its comprehensive approach, addressing key requirements such as flexibility, interoperability, maintainability, and adaptability. It fosters inclusive and safer working environments while supporting sustainable manufacturing practices. A case study in glass fiber manufacturing demonstrates COGNIMAN\u2019s architecture applicability across different fields, enhancing the global competitiveness of European technology and manufacturing sectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-025-02625-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T15:07:09Z","timestamp":1749740829000},"page":"1875-1890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["COGNIMAN Digital Twin Architecture for Flexible Manufacturing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1294-8478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assia","family":"Belbachir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio M.","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Nabil","family":"Belbachir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wissam","family":"Mallouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"An Ngoc","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akhilesh Kumar","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hemmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2625_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abburu, S., Berre, A.J., Jacoby, M., Roman, D., Stojanovic, L. & Stojanovic, N. 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