{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T07:06:09Z","timestamp":1781334369927,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Commerzbank Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Intell Robot Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assistive robots have the potential to support older people and people with disabilities in various tasks so that they can live more independently. One of the research challenges is the appearance of assistive robots so that they are accepted by prospective users and encourage interaction. This scoping review aims to identify studies that report preferences in order to derive indicators for the embodiment of a robot with assistance functions. A systematic literature research was conducted in the three electronic databases IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library and PubMed Central (PMC). Included papers date back not further than 2015 and report empirical studies about the preferred appearance of service robots. The search resulted in 1,760 papers. 29 were included, of which 20 papers reported quantitative studies, three described a qualitative and six a mixed-methods design. Out of these papers, seven categories of robot appearances and design components could be extracted. Most papers focused on humanoid or humanlike robots and components like facial features or gender aspects. Others relied on design that reflects the robot\u2019s function or simulated emotions through light applications. Only eight studies focused on older adults, and no study on people with disabilities. The appearance of a humanoid robot is often described as favorable, but the definition of \u2018humanoid\u2019 varies widely within all analyzed studies and an explizit allocation of features is not possible. For their practical work, robot designers can extract various aspects from the papers; however, for generalization more research is necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-022-01781-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T14:02:56Z","timestamp":1673877776000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["How Should Your Assistive Robot Look Like? A Scoping Review on Embodiment for Assistive Robots"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5365-8733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Ringwald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Theben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Gerlinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Hedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1781_CR1","unstructured":"d\u2019Hombres, B., Schnepf, S., Barjakov\u00e0, M., et al.: Loneliness \u2013 an unequally shared burden in Europe. Joint Research Centre, European Commission. (2018). https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/publication\/loneliness-%E2%80%93-unequally-shared-burden-europe_en. Accessed 21 Dec 2022."},{"key":"1781_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-010-0068-5","volume":"2","author":"M Heerink","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heerink, M., Kr\u00f6se, B., Evers, V., et al.: Assessing Acceptance of Assistive Social Agent Technology by Older Adults: the Almere Model. Int J of Soc Robotics 2, 361\u2013375 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-010-0068-5","journal-title":"Int J of Soc Robotics"},{"key":"1781_CR3","unstructured":"Klein, B., Graf, B., Schl\u00f6mer, I.F., et al.: Robotik in der Gesundheitswirtschaft: Einsatzfelder und Potenziale. medhochzwei Verlag, Heidelberg (2018)"},{"key":"1781_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458217729729","volume":"25","author":"M Shishehgar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shishehgar, M., Kerr, D., Blake, J.: The effectiveness of various robotic technologies in assisting older adults. Health Informatics J 25, 892\u2013918 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1460458217729729","journal-title":"Health Informatics J"},{"key":"1781_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bajones, M., Fischinger, D., Weiss, A., et al.: Results of field trials with a mobile service robot for older adults in 16 private households. J Hum.-Robot Interact 9, 1\u201327 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3368554","DOI":"10.1145\/3368554"},{"key":"1781_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","volume":"13","author":"FD Davis","year":"1989","unstructured":"Davis, F.D.: Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Q. 13, 319 (1989). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/249008","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"1781_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Graaf, M.M.A., Ben Allouch, S.: The evaluation of different roles for domestic social robots. In: 2015 24th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, pp. 676\u2013681 (2015).\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROMAN.2015.7333594","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2015.7333594"},{"key":"1781_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540","volume":"27","author":"M Venkatesh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Venkatesh, M., Davis,: User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View. MIS Q. 27, 425 (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/30036540","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"1781_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2012.2192811","volume":"19","author":"M Mori","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mori, M., MacDorman, K., Kageki, N.: The uncanny valley [from the field]. IEEE Robot Automat Mag 19, 98\u2013100 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MRA.2012.2192811","journal-title":"IEEE Robot Automat Mag"},{"key":"1781_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","volume":"8","author":"H Arksey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arksey, H., O\u2019Malley, L.: Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol. 8, 19\u201332 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1364557032000119616","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"1781_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x","volume":"26","author":"MJ Grant","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grant, M.J., Booth, A.: A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Info Libr J 26, 91\u2013108 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x","journal-title":"Health Info Libr J"},{"key":"1781_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., et al.: Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 6, e1000097 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1781_CR13","unstructured":"Mayring, P.:\u00a0Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse: Grundlagen und Techniken, 12th edn. Beltz, Weinheim\/Basel (2015)"},{"key":"1781_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2017.1402390","volume":"31","author":"S Bedaf","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bedaf, S., Marti, P., de Witte, L.: What are the preferred characteristics of a service robot for the elderly? A multi-country focus group study with older adults and caregivers. Assist Technol 31, 147\u2013157 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10400435.2017.1402390","journal-title":"Assist Technol"},{"key":"1781_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Otterbacher, J., Talias, M.: S\/he\u2019s too Warm\/Agentic! In: Mutlu B, Tscheligi M, Weiss A et al. (eds) Proceedings of the 2017 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 214\u2013223 (2017).\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2909824.3020220","DOI":"10.1145\/2909824.3020220"},{"key":"1781_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-019-00562-7","author":"J Bernotat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bernotat, J., Eyssel, F., Sachse, J.: The (Fe)male robot: how robot body shape impacts first impressions and trust towards Robots. Int J of Soc Robotics (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-019-00562-7","journal-title":"Int J of Soc Robotics"},{"key":"1781_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2018.2812618","volume":"48","author":"A Castro-Gonzalez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Castro-Gonzalez, A., Alcocer-Luna, J., Malfaz, M., et al.: Evaluation of artificial mouths in social robots. IEEE Trans Human-Mach Syst 48, 369\u2013379 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/THMS.2018.2812618","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Human-Mach Syst"},{"key":"1781_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9460","volume":"20","author":"F Cavallo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cavallo, F., Esposito, R., Limosani, R., et al.: Robotic services acceptance in smart environments with older adults: user satisfaction and acceptability study. J Med Internet Res 20, e264 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.9460","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"1781_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Esposito, A., Amorese, T., Cuciniello, M., et al.:\u00a0Elders prefer female robots with a high degree of human likeness. In: 2019 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Consumer Technologies (ISCT). IEEE, pp. 243\u2013246\u00a0 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISCE.2019.8900983","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCE.2019.8900983"},{"key":"1781_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Esposito, A., Cuciniello, M., Amorese, T., et al.: Seniors\u2019 Appreciation of Humanoid Robots. In: Esposito (ed) Neural Approaches to Dynamics of Signal Exchanges, vol 151. Springer Singapore, Singapore, pp. 331\u2013345 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-13-8950-4_30","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8950-4_30"},{"key":"1781_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heuer, T.: Who Do you want to talk to? In: Alt F, Bulling A, D\u00f6ring T (eds) Proceedings of mensch und computer 2019 on - MuC\u201919. ACM Press, New York, New York, USA, pp. 617\u2013620 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3340764.3344878","DOI":"10.1145\/3340764.3344878"},{"key":"1781_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hirsch, L., Bj\u00f6rsell, A., Laaksoharju, M., et al.: Investigating design implications towards a social robot as a memory trainer. In: Wrede B, Nagai Y, Komatsu T et al. (eds) Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Human Agent Interaction. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 5\u201310 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3125739.3125755","DOI":"10.1145\/3125739.3125755"},{"key":"1781_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lehmann, H., Sureshbabu, A.V., Parmiggiani, A., et al.: Head and face design for a new humanoid service robot. In: Agah A (ed) Social Robotics, vol 9979. Springer International Publishing, Basel, pp. 382\u2013391 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-47437-3_37","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47437-3_37"},{"key":"1781_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McGinn, C., Dooley, D.: What should robots feel like? Factors that influence the perception of robot-skin. In: Belpaeme T, Young J, Gunes H et al. (eds) Proceedings of the 2020 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 281\u2013288 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3319502.3374835","DOI":"10.1145\/3319502.3374835"},{"key":"1781_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oehl, M., Kamps, M., Wesa, M., et al.:\u00a0Was \u00e4ltere nutzer assistenzrobotern zutrauen \u2013 Eine Frage des Designs? In: Dachselt R, Weber G. (eds) Mensch und Computer 2018 - Tagungsband. Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Informatik e.V. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18420\/MUC2018-MCI-0429","DOI":"10.18420\/MUC2018-MCI-0429"},{"key":"1781_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Benitez, J., Wyman, A.B., Carpinella, C.M., et al.:\u00a0The authority of appearance: How robot features influence trait inferences and evaluative responses. In: 2017 26th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, pp. 397\u2013404 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROMAN.2017.8172333","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2017.8172333"},{"key":"1781_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-018-0502-7","volume":"11","author":"SJ Stroessner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stroessner, S.J., Benitez, J.: The social perception of humanoid and non-humanoid robots: effects of gendered and machinelike features. Int J of Soc Robotics 11, 305\u2013315 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-018-0502-7","journal-title":"Int J of Soc Robotics"},{"key":"1781_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carpinella, C.M., Wyman, A.B., Perez, M.A., et al.:\u00a0The robotic social attributes scale (RoSAS). In: Mutlu B, Tscheligi M, Weiss A et al. (eds) Proceedings of the 2017 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 254\u2013262 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2909824.3020208","DOI":"10.1145\/2909824.3020208"},{"key":"1781_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Hoffman, G.:\u00a0Using skin texture change to design emotion expression in social robots. In: 2019 14th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). IEEE, pp. 2\u201310 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HRI.2019.8673012","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2019.8673012"},{"key":"1781_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jung, E.H., Waddell, T.F., Sundar, S.S.:\u00a0Feminizing robots: user responses to gender cues on robot body and screen. In: Kaye J, Druin A, Lampe C et al. (eds) Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI EA \u201816. ACM Press, New York, New York, USA, pp. 3107\u20133113 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2851581.2892428","DOI":"10.1145\/2851581.2892428"},{"key":"1781_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kalegina, A., Schroeder, G., Allchin, A., et al.:\u00a0Characterizing the design space of rendered robot faces. In: Kanda T, \u015cabanovi\u0107 S, Hoffman G et al. (eds) Proceedings of the 2018 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 96\u2013104 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3171221.3171286","DOI":"10.1145\/3171221.3171286"},{"key":"1781_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2015.09.008","volume":"146","author":"MB Mathur","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mathur, M.B., Reichling, D.B.: Navigating a social world with robot partners: A quantitative cartography of the Uncanny Valley. Cognition 146, 22\u201332 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2015.09.008","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"1781_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-014-0269-4","volume":"7","author":"A Prakash","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prakash, A., Rogers, W.A.: Why some humanoid faces are perceived more positively than others: effects of human-likeness and task. Int J Soc Robot 7, 309\u2013331 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-014-0269-4","journal-title":"Int J Soc Robot"},{"key":"1781_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1159\/000494881","volume":"65","author":"L Chu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chu, L., Chen, H.-W., Cheng, P.-Y., et al.: Identifying features that enhance older adults\u2019 acceptance of robots: a mixed methods study. Gerontology 65, 441\u2013450 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000494881","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"1781_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Song, S., Yamada, S.:\u00a0Bioluminescence-inspired human-robot interaction. In: Kanda T, \u015cabanovi\u0107 S, Hoffman G et al. (eds) Proceedings of the 2018 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 224\u2013232 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3171221.3171249","DOI":"10.1145\/3171221.3171249"},{"key":"1781_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Song, S., Yamada, S.:\u00a0Designing expressive lights and in-situ motions for robots to express emotions. In: Imai M, Norman T, Sklar E et al. (eds) Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 222\u2013228 (2018b). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3284432.3284458","DOI":"10.1145\/3284432.3284458"},{"key":"1781_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1159\/000507812","volume":"66","author":"Y-C Tu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tu, Y.-C., Chien, S.-E., Yeh, S.-L.: Age-related differences in the uncanny valley effect. Gerontology 66, 382\u2013392 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000507812","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"1781_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gemeinboeck, P., Saunders, R.:\u00a0Human-robot kinesthetics: mediating kinesthetic experience for designing affective non-humanlike social robots. In: 2018 27th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN). IEEE, pp. 571\u2013576 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROMAN.2018.8525596","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2018.8525596"},{"key":"1781_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hoggenmueller, M., Chen, J., Hespanhol, L.:\u00a0Emotional expressions of non-humanoid urban robots. In: Cobus V, Prange S, Clinch S et al. (eds) Proceedings of the 9TH ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 87\u201395 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3393712.3395341","DOI":"10.1145\/3393712.3395341"},{"key":"1781_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baraka, K., Paiva, A., Veloso, M., et al.:\u00a0Expressive lights for revealing mobile service robot state. Robot 2015: Second Iberian Robotics Conference 417, 107\u2013119 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-27146-0_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27146-0_9"},{"key":"1781_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-015-0321-z","volume":"7","author":"AM Rosenthal-von der P\u00fctten","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rosenthal-von der P\u00fctten, A.M., Kr\u00e4mer, N.C.: Individuals\u2019 evaluations of and attitudes towards potentially uncanny robots. Int J of Soc Robotics 7, 799\u2013824 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-015-0321-z","journal-title":"Int J of Soc Robotics"},{"key":"1781_CR42","volume-title":"Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, Fifth edition, international","author":"JW Creswell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Creswell, J.W., Creswell, J.D.: Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, Fifth edition, international, student SAGE Publications Inc, Thousand Oaks, California (2018)","edition":"student"},{"key":"1781_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-008-0001-3","volume":"1","author":"C Bartneck","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bartneck, C., Kuli\u0107, D., Croft, E., et al.: Measurement instruments for the anthropomorphism, animacy, likeability, perceived intelligence, and perceived safety of robots. Int J of Soc Robotics 1, 71\u201381 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-008-0001-3","journal-title":"Int J of Soc Robotics"},{"key":"1781_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koschate, M., Potter, R., Bremner, P., et al.:\u00a0Overcoming the uncanny valley: Displays of emotions reduce the uncanniness of humanlike robots. In: 2016 11th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). IEEE, pp. 359\u2013366 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451773","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451773"},{"key":"1781_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kwon, M., Jung, M.F., Knepper, R.A.:\u00a0Human expectations of social robots. In: 2016 11th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). IEEE, pp. 463\u2013464 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451807","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451807"},{"key":"1781_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-016-0370-y","volume":"8","author":"E Jochum","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jochum, E., Vlachos, E., Christoffersen, A., et al.: Using theatre to study interaction with care robots. Int J of Soc Robotics 8, 457\u2013470 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-016-0370-y","journal-title":"Int J of Soc Robotics"},{"key":"1781_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Terada, K., Yamauchi, A., Ito, A.:\u00a0Artificial emotion expression for a robot by dynamic color change. In: 2012 IEEE RO-MAN: The 21st IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication. IEEE, pp. 314\u2013321 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ROMAN.2012.6343772","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2012.6343772"},{"key":"1781_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077714","volume":"39","author":"JA Russell","year":"1980","unstructured":"Russell, J.A.: A circumplex model of affect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 39, 1161\u20131178 (1980). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0077714","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"1781_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.48.5.1290","volume":"48","author":"JA Russell","year":"1985","unstructured":"Russell, J.A., Bullock, M.: Multidimensional scaling of emotional facial expressions: Similarity from preschoolers to adults. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 48, 1290\u20131298 (1985). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.48.5.1290","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"1781_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1006\/GAME.1995.1027","volume":"10","author":"J Berg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Berg, J., Dickhaut, J., McCabe, K.: Trust, reciprocity, and social history. Games Econom. Behav. 10, 122\u2013142 (1995). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/GAME.1995.1027","journal-title":"Games Econom. Behav."},{"key":"1781_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-013-0220-0","volume":"6","author":"C-A Smarr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smarr, C.-A., Mitzner, T.L., Beer, J.M., et al.: Domestic robots for older adults: attitudes, preferences, and potential. Int J of Soc Robotics 6, 229\u2013247 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12369-013-0220-0","journal-title":"Int J of Soc Robotics"},{"key":"1781_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.06.007","volume":"125","author":"K Gray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gray, K., Wegner, D.M.: Feeling robots and human zombies: mind perception and the uncanny valley. Cognition 125, 125\u2013130 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.06.007","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"1781_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2013.6483600","volume":"2013","author":"A Prakash","year":"2013","unstructured":"Prakash, A., Beer, J.M., Deyle, T., et al.: Older adults\u2019 medication management in the home: how can robots help? Proc ACM SIGCHI 2013, 283\u2013290 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HRI.2013.6483600","journal-title":"Proc ACM SIGCHI"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Robotic Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10846-022-01781-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10846-022-01781-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10846-022-01781-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T13:06:22Z","timestamp":1674738382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10846-022-01781-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1781"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10846-022-01781-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0921-0296","1573-0409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0921-0296","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 April 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 November 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"12"}}