{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:11:27Z","timestamp":1777655487829,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Intell Robot Syst"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>An analysis of the development of legal regulations regarding unmanned civil aviation leads to the conclusion that the current air traffic rules are among the key issues that require amending. Are drones allowed to fly at any height? Can drones fly freely over a person\u2019s house or garden, several meters above the ground? What is the minimum allowable height for drone flights? The method of study consisted of content analysis of the existing legislation. Current doctrines were confronted with the existing regulations, documents, materials<jats:bold>,<\/jats:bold> safety reports, and statistics. The results of the study show that the existing air traffic rules, precisely in the case of aircraft operations performed by manned and unmanned aviation at very low heights, are definitely practical in nature. First, in most countries violations of air traffic rules are prohibited acts subject to criminal penalty. Second, determining the principles of air traffic for air operations is of crucial importance for determining legally permissible interference in property ownership. The urban air mobility is outside the scope of this research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-024-02084-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T16:02:27Z","timestamp":1716998547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Very Low Level Flight Rules for Manned and Unmanned Aircraft Operations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1188-7087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Konert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9117-7754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Kasprzyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2084_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.54648\/AILA2017023","volume":"42","author":"M Huttunen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huttunen, M.: Unmanned, Remotely Pilote, or Something Else? Analysing the terminological dogfight. Air Space Law. 42, 3 (2017)","journal-title":"Air Space Law."},{"key":"2084_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Masutti, F.: Tomasello, International Regulation of Non-Military Drones, Edward Elgar (2018)","DOI":"10.4337\/9781785367571"},{"key":"2084_CR3","unstructured":"Scott B.I.: (ed.), The law of unmanned aircraft systems. An introduction to the current and future regulation under national, Regional and international, Kluwer Law International, The Netherlands (2016)"},{"key":"2084_CR4","unstructured":"Kasprzyk, P., Konert, A.: Drones \u2013 Future of Aviation Law?, Peter Lang (2023)"},{"key":"2084_CR5","volume-title":"On Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems Into the National Airspace System: Issues, Challenges, Operational Restrictions, Certification, and Recommendations","author":"K Dalamagkidis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dalamagkidis, K., Valavanis, K.P., Piegl, L.A.: On integrating unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system: Issues, Challenges, Operational restrictions, Certification, and recommendations. Springer, Berlin (2010)"},{"key":"2084_CR6","unstructured":"Konert, A., Kotli\u0144ski, M.: \u201cHow come I cannot fly with the drone over the White House?\u201d - Criminal and Civil Liability of the Drone Operator in Poland, Ius Novum 4 (2018)"},{"key":"2084_CR7","first-page":"140","volume":"35","author":"AM Konert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Konert, A.M.: Kotli\u0144ski polish regulations on unmanned aerial vehicles. Trans Res Proc 35, 140\u2013147 (2018)","journal-title":"Trans Res Proc"},{"key":"2084_CR8","unstructured":"Jasiuk, E., Osiecki, M.: Bezpieczne u\u017cytkowanie bezza\u0142ogowych statk\u00f3w powietrznych - perspektywa prawa mi\u0119dzynarodowego i europejskiego, In: Rola prawa lotniczego w procesie budowy bezpiecze\u0144stwa transportu lotniczego, scientific editor: A. Konert, Warszawa (2021)"},{"key":"2084_CR9","unstructured":"Communication From the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions \u2018An Aviation Strategy for Europe\u2019 of 7 December 2015, COM(2015) 598 final"},{"key":"2084_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konert, A., Kotli\u0144ski, M.: U-space \u2013 Civil liability for damages caused by unmanned aircraft. Transportation Research Procedia, 51:304\u2013312, 9th International Conference on Air Transport \u2013 INAIR 2020, Challenges of Aviation Development (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2020.11.033"},{"key":"2084_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-022-01712-2","volume":"106","author":"M Osiecki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Osiecki, M., Forto\u0144ska, A., Berus, M., et al.: Drone as a target of terrorist attack and a weapon against terrorism \u2013 analysis in the light of international law. J Intell Robot Syst 106, 6 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10846-022-01712-2","journal-title":"J Intell Robot Syst"},{"key":"2084_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osiecki, M., Forto\u0144ska, A., Ksi\u0105\u017cek-Janik, E.: Criminal liability for unlawful usage of unmanned aircraft vehicles in selected countries of the world, International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), 903\u2013910 (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS57906.2023.10156331"},{"key":"2084_CR13","unstructured":"Osiecki, M.: International Legal Aspects of Aerial Terrorism. Methods of law enforcement in aviation, Peter Lang Publishing, Berlin (2002)"},{"key":"2084_CR14","unstructured":"Zale\u015bny, J., Kruk, M.,Olsz\u00f3wka, M., Godlewski, M., Jarosz, M., Laskowska, M.:Ochrona praw i wolno\u015bci. System instytucjonalny w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, Difin, ISBN 978 83 8085 812 1, Warszawa (2019)"},{"key":"2084_CR15","unstructured":"Communication From the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions \u2018A Drone Strategy 2.0 for a Smart and Sustainable Unmanned Aircraft Eco-System in Europe\u2019 of 29 November 2022, COM(2022) 652 final"},{"key":"2084_CR16","first-page":"2","volume":"2019","author":"M Huttunen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huttunen, M.: Drone operations in the specific category: A unique approach to aviation safety. Aviat Space J 2019, 2 (2019)","journal-title":"Aviat Space J"},{"key":"2084_CR17","unstructured":"Opinion No. 03\/2023: Introduction of a regulatory framework for the operation of drones \u2014 Enabling innovative air mobility with MVCA, the initial airworthiness of UAS subject to certification, and the continuing airworthiness of those UAS operated in the 'specific' category, EASA (2023)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Robotic Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10846-024-02084-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10846-024-02084-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10846-024-02084-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T10:17:02Z","timestamp":1721297822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10846-024-02084-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10846-024-02084-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-0409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-0409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.No approvals or waivers are necessary (specifically, no data were used that are not publicly accessible and no subjects or participants, human or otherwise, were used).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable: no approvals or waivers are necessary (specifically, no data were used that are not publicly accessible and no subjects or participants, human or otherwise, were used).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Both Authors give their consent for publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.The authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria, educational grants, participation in speakers\u2019 bureaus, membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest) or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}}],"article-number":"82"}}