{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:10:30Z","timestamp":1777036230914,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1727010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1727010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Intell Robot Syst"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-024-02186-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T10:54:54Z","timestamp":1732272894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Online Calibration for Networked Radar Tracking of UAS"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Douglas","family":"Graff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brady","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6155-765X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cameron K.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim W.","family":"McLain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl F.","family":"Warnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2186_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02411-5","volume":"9","author":"JK Stolaroff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stolaroff, J.K., Samaras, C., O\u2019Neill, E.R., Lubers, A., Mitchell, A.S., Ceperley, D.: Energy use and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of drones for commercial package delivery. Nat. Commun. 9(1), 409 (2018)","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"2186_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.09.025","volume":"36","author":"Y Karaca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karaca, Y., Cicek, M., Tatli, O., Sahin, A., Pasli, S., Beser, M.F., Turedi, S.: The potential use of unmanned aircraft systems (drones) in mountain search and rescue operations. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 36(4), 583\u2013588 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.09.025","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2186_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13900","volume":"57","author":"T Amukele","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amukele, T., Ness, P.M., Tobian, A.A.R., Boyd, J., Street, J.: Drone transportation of blood products. Transfusion 57(3), 582\u2013588 (2017)","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"2186_CR4","unstructured":"Lukacs, M., Bhadra, D.: FAA Aerospace Forecast: Fiscal Years 2019-2039. U.S. Department of Transportation (2019). https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/data_research\/aviation\/aerospace_forecasts\/media\/fy2019-39_faa_aerospace_forecast.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2022"},{"key":"2186_CR5","unstructured":"FAA: Drones by the Numbers (2023). https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/node\/54496. Accessed 02 June 2023"},{"key":"2186_CR6","unstructured":"FAA: Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR-11) (2020). https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/air_traffic\/technology\/asr-11. Accessed 22 Oct 2022"},{"key":"2186_CR7","unstructured":"Dickson, S.: Remote Identification of Unmanned Aircraft (2021). https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/sites\/faa.gov\/files\/2021-08\/RemoteID_Final_Rule.pdf. Accessed 22 Oct 2022"},{"key":"2186_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K\u00e1roly, B., S\u00e1ghi, B.: Assessing the unmanned aerial vehicles\u2019 surveillance problems and actual solution options from the different stakeholders\u2019 viewpoint. Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering. 49 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3311\/PPtr.13749","DOI":"10.3311\/PPtr.13749"},{"issue":"6","key":"2186_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-020-00961-4","volume":"11","author":"M Alawadhi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alawadhi, M., Almazrouie, J., Kamil, M., Khalil, K.A.: A systematic literature review of the factors influencing the adoption of autonomous driving. International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management. 11(6), 1065\u20131082 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13198-020-00961-4","journal-title":"International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management."},{"issue":"3","key":"2186_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2491179","volume":"104","author":"JE Stailey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stailey, J.E., Hondl, K.D.: Multifunction phased array radar for aircraft and weather surveillance. Proc. IEEE 104(3), 649\u2013659 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2491179","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"2186_CR11","unstructured":"Buck, D.: Design and characterization of phased arrays for uas detection and tracking. PhD thesis, Brigham Young University (2022). http:\/\/hdl.lib.byu.edu\/1877\/etd12546"},{"issue":"12","key":"2186_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1175\/2009BAMS2507.1","volume":"90","author":"D McLaughlin","year":"2009","unstructured":"McLaughlin, D., Pepyne, D., et al.: Short-wavelength technology and the potential for distributed networks of small radar systems. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 90(12), 1797\u20131818 (2009)","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"2186_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, P.K., Arora, A.K., Bibyk, S.B.: Towards radar-enabled sensor networks. In: 2006 5th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, pp. 467\u2013474 (2006). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/IPSN.2006.243915"},{"issue":"11","key":"2186_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2011.45","volume":"22","author":"J Liang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liang, J., Liang, Q.: Design and analysis of distributed radar sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 22(11), 1926\u20131933 (2011)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"2186_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartoletti, S., Conti, A., Giorgetti, A.: Analysis of UWB radar sensor networks. In: 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications, pp. 1\u20136 (2010). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2010.5502321"},{"issue":"1","key":"2186_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/91.554452","volume":"5","author":"KCC Chan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chan, K.C.C., Lee, V., Leung, H.: Radar tracking for air surveillance in a stressful environment using a fuzzy-gain filter. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst. 5(1), 80\u201389 (1997)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"2186_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, C., Lee, H.-T., Musaffar, B.: Radar data tracking using minimum spanning tree-based clustering algorithm. In: 11th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference, Including the AIAA Balloon Systems Conference and 19th AIAA Lighter-Than, p. 6825 (2011)","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2011-6825"},{"issue":"1","key":"2186_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace4010011","volume":"4","author":"R Nepal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nepal, R., Zhang, Y., Blake, W.: Sense and avoid airborne radar implementations on a low-cost weather radar platform. Aerospace 4(1), 11 (2017)","journal-title":"Aerospace"},{"issue":"6","key":"2186_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1979.1102177","volume":"24","author":"D Reid","year":"1979","unstructured":"Reid, D.: An algorithm for tracking multiple targets. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 24(6), 843\u2013854 (1979)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"2186_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook, B., Arnett, T.J., Macmann, O., Kumar, M.: Real-time radar-based tracking and state estimation of multiple non-conformant aircraft. In: AIAA Information Systems-AIAA Infotech@ Aerospace, p. 1133 (2017)","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2017-1133"},{"key":"2186_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook, B., Cohen, K.: Multi-source sensor fusion for small unmanned aircraft systems using fuzzy logic. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE), pp. 1\u20136 (2017). IEEE","DOI":"10.1109\/FUZZ-IEEE.2017.8015593"},{"issue":"23","key":"2186_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3182\/20130904-3-FR-2041.00213","volume":"46","author":"PC Niedfeldt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Niedfeldt, P.C., Beard, R.W.: Recursive RANSAC: multiple signal estimation with outliers. IFAC Proceedings Volumes. 46(23), 430\u2013435 (2013)","journal-title":"IFAC Proceedings Volumes."},{"key":"2186_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millard, J., Beard, R.: Improved track continuity in multi target tracking by fusing multiple input sources. In: 2018 Annual American Control Conference (ACC), pp. 1901\u20131906 (2018). IEEE","DOI":"10.23919\/ACC.2018.8431792"},{"key":"2186_CR24","unstructured":"Petersen, M.E.: A geometric approach to multiple target tracking using lie groups. PhD thesis, Brigham Young University (2021). http:\/\/hdl.lib.byu.edu\/1877\/etd11991"},{"key":"2186_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anderson, B., Ellingson, J., Eyler, M., Buck, D., Peterson, C.K., McLain, T., Warnick, K.F.: Networked Radar Systems for Cooperative Tracking of UAVs, 909\u2013915 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICUAS.2019.8797749","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS.2019.8797749"},{"issue":"1","key":"2186_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289451","volume":"31","author":"PH Sch\u00f6nemann","year":"1966","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nemann, P.H.: A generalized solution of the orthogonal procrustes problem. Psychometrika 31(1), 1\u201310 (1966)","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"5","key":"2186_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1107\/S0567739476001873","volume":"32","author":"W Kabsch","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kabsch, W.: A solution for the best rotation to relate two sets of vectors. Acta Crystallographica Section A: Crystal Physics, Diffraction, Theoretical and General Crystallography. 32(5), 922\u2013923 (1976)","journal-title":"Acta Crystallographica Section A: Crystal Physics, Diffraction, Theoretical and General Crystallography."},{"key":"2186_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1109\/CCSSE.2017.8087895","volume":"70","author":"Y Dai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dai, Y., Tang, Z.-Y., Zhu, Z.-B., Zhang, L.: Uniform calibration of networked radar based on unmanned aerial vehicle and gps. 70, 61\u201364 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CCSSE.2017.8087895","journal-title":"Uniform calibration of networked radar based on unmanned aerial vehicle and gps."},{"key":"2186_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Domhof, J., Kooij, J.F.P., Gavrila, D.M.: An extrinsic calibration tool for radar, camera and lidar. In: 2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 8107\u20138113 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8794186","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8794186"},{"key":"2186_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Olutomilayo, K.T., Bahramgiri, M., Nooshabadi, S., Fuhrmann, D.R.: Extrinsic calibration of radar mount position and orientation with multiple target configurations. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 70 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIM.2021.3077657","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3077657"},{"issue":"6","key":"2186_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1145\/358669.358692","volume":"24","author":"MA Fischler","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fischler, M.A., Bolles, R.C.: Random sample consensus: A paradigm for model fitting with applications to image analysis and automated cartography. Commun. ACM 24(6), 381\u2013395 (1981). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/358669.358692","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"2186_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petersen, M.E., Beard, R.W.: Multiple target tracking on se(2) using recursive-ransac. In: 2021 60th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), pp. 4460\u20134465 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CDC45484.2021.9683723","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC45484.2021.9683723"},{"key":"2186_CR33","unstructured":"Petersen, M.: RRANSAC (2021). https:\/\/gitlab.magiccvs.byu.edu\/recursive_ransac\/rransac. Accessed 20 Nov 2022"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Robotic Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10846-024-02186-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10846-024-02186-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10846-024-02186-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T03:16:30Z","timestamp":1736306190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10846-024-02186-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10846-024-02186-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-0409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-0409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that the authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"163"}}