{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:56:13Z","timestamp":1780581373873,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["953454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["953454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ACCI\u00d3-Eurecat","award":["TRA\u00c7A \u2013 EUTFS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRA\u00c7A \u2013 EUTFS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Intell Robot Syst"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Operating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) presents significant challenges, particularly in asset inspection scenarios where pilots must navigate cluttered and hazardous environments while maintaining precise positioning and comprehensive surface coverage. These complex tasks remain demanding and stressful even for experienced operators. To address these challenges, this work introduces AeroAssistant, a flexible teleoperation framework that enhances drone operations through integrated shared control algorithms and augmented reality visual cues. The framework provides an intuitive and familiar teleoperation interface while incorporating a modular plugin system that simplifies complex navigation tasks. This paper presents the framework\u2019s architectural components, describes novel interaction paradigms, and demonstrates the capabilities of plugins currently deployed in real UAV systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-025-02337-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T10:45:34Z","timestamp":1766486734000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["AeroAssistant: A Modern and Flexible UAV Teleoperation Framework"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5169-4047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Franceschini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Fumagalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Cayero Becerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2337_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aleotti, J., et al.: Detection of Nuclear Sources by UAV Teleoperation Using a Visuo-Haptic Augmented Reality Interface. Sensors 17(10) (2017). issn: 1424-8220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17102234https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/17\/10\/2234","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102234"},{"key":"2337_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brilli, R., et al.: Monocular Reactive Collision Avoidance Based on Force Fields for Enhancing the Teleoperation of MAVs. In: 2021 20th International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR), pp. 91\u201398. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICAR53236.2021.9659337","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAR53236.2021.9659337"},{"key":"2337_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cacace, J., Finzi, A., Lippiello, V.: A mixed-initiative control system for an Aerial Service Vehicle supported by force feedback. In: 2014 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 1230\u20131235. (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IROS.2014.6942714","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2014.6942714"},{"key":"2337_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, L., et al.: PinpointFly: An Egocentric Position-control Drone Interface using Mobile AR. In: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI \u201921. Yokohama, Japan: Association for Computing Machinery. (2021). isbn: 9781450380966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3411764.3445110","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445110"},{"key":"2337_CR5","unstructured":"Intel Corporation. Intel\u00ae NUC. (2023). https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/developer\/overview.html. Accessed 16 Nov 2023"},{"key":"2337_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Croes, G.A.: A Method for Solving Traveling-Salesman Problems. In: Operations Research 6.6, pp. 791\u2013812. (1958). issn: 0030364X, 15265463. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/167074 (visited on 08\/16\/2023)","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.6.6.791"},{"key":"2337_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Danelljan, M., et al.: Adaptive Color Attributes for Real-Time Visual Tracking. In: 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1090\u20131097. (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2014.143","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.143"},{"key":"2337_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dietrich, F., et al.: MAV tele-operation constrained on virtual surfaces for inspection of infrastructures. In: 2020 25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), vol. 1, pp. 1519\u2013 1525. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ETFA46521.2020.9212046","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA46521.2020.9212046"},{"key":"2337_CR9","unstructured":"DJI. DJI Mobile SDK Documentation: Component Guide - Flight Controller. DJI. (2024). https:\/\/developer.dji.com\/mobile-sdk\/documentation\/introduction\/component-guide-flightController.html. Accessed 2024"},{"key":"2337_CR10","unstructured":"Sony Interactive Entertainment. DualSense Wireless Controller. https:\/\/www.playstation.com\/en-us\/accessories\/dualsense-wireless-controller\/. (2021)"},{"key":"2337_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Erat, O., et al.: Drone-Augmented Human Vision: Exocentric Control for Drones Exploring Hidden Areas. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 24(4), 1437\u20131446 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2794058","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2794058"},{"key":"2337_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Franceschini, R., Fumagalli, M., Becerra, J.C.: Enhancing Human-Drone Interaction with Human-Meaningful Visual Feedback and Shared-Control Strategies. In: 2023 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), pp. 1162\u20131167. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICUAS57906.2023.10156190","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS57906.2023.10156190"},{"key":"2337_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Franceschini, R., et al.: Point, Segment, and Inspect: Leveraging Promptable Segmentation Models for Semi-Autonomous Aerial Inspection. In: 2024 33rd IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (ROMAN), pp. 2204\u20132211. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/RO-MAN60168.2024.10731338","DOI":"10.1109\/RO-MAN60168.2024.10731338"},{"key":"2337_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Franceschini, R., et al.: Riding the Rollercoaster: Improving UAV Piloting Skills with Augmented Visualization and Collaborative Planning. In: 2024 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), pp. 1093\u20131100. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICUAS60882.2024.10556953","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS60882.2024.10556953"},{"key":"2337_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gromov, B., et al.: Intuitive 3D Control of a Quadrotor in User Proximity with Pointing Gestures. In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 5964\u20135971. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICRA40945.2020.9196654","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA40945.2020.9196654"},{"key":"2337_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedayati, H., Walker, M., Szafir, D.: Improving Collocated Robot Teleoperation with Augmented Reality. In: 2018 13th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 78\u201386. (2018)","DOI":"10.1145\/3171221.3171251"},{"key":"2337_CR17","unstructured":"Hintjens, P.: 0MQ - The Guide. 2011. http:\/\/zguide.zeromq.org\/page:all"},{"key":"2337_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang, B., et al.: Flight, Camera, Action! Using Natural Language and Mixed Reality to Control a Drone. In: 2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 6949\u20136956. (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8794200","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8794200"},{"key":"2337_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kanellakis, C., et al.: Towards Visual Inspection of Wind Turbines: A Case of Visual Data Acquisition Using Autonomous Aerial Robots. IEEE Access 8, 181650\u2013181661 (2020). Conference Name: IEEE Access. issn: 2169-3536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3028195","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3028195"},{"key":"2337_CR20","unstructured":"Ke, L., et al.: Segment Anything in High Quality. In: NeurIPS. (2023)"},{"key":"2337_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keselman, L., et al.: Intel RealSense Stereoscopic Depth Cameras. In: CoRR abs\/1705.05548 (2017). arXiv:1705.05548","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.167"},{"key":"2337_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim, D.-H., Go, Y.-G., Choi, S.-M.: An Aerial Mixed-Reality Environment for First-Person-View Drone Flying. Appl. Sci. 10(16) (2020). issn: 2076-3417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10165436https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/10\/16\/5436","DOI":"10.3390\/app10165436"},{"key":"2337_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kirillov, A., et al.: Segment Anything. In: 2023 IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp. 3992\u20134003 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00371","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00371"},{"key":"2337_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"La, H.M., et al.: Mechatronic Systems Design for an Autonomous Robotic System for High-Efficiency Bridge Deck Inspection and Evaluation. IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron. 18(6), 1655\u20131664 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMECH.2013.2279751","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2013.2279751"},{"key":"2337_CR25","unstructured":"LattePanda. LattePanda 3 Delta. https:\/\/www.lattepanda.com\/lattepanda-3-delta. Accessed 04 April 2024"},{"key":"2337_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, C., Shen, S.: An Augmented Reality Interaction Interface for Autonomous Drone. In: 2020 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 11419\u201311424. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IROS45743.2020.9341037","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS45743.2020.9341037"},{"key":"2337_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, S., et al.: Planning Dynamically Feasible Trajectories for Quadrotors Using Safe Flight Corridors in 3-D Complex Environments. IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 2(3), 1688\u20131695 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LRA.2017.2663526","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2017.2663526"},{"key":"2337_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Losey, D.P., O\u2019Malley, M.K.: Trajectory Deformations From Physical Human\u2013Robot Interaction. In: IEEE Trans. Robot. 34(1), 126\u2013138 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TRO.2017.2765335","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2017.2765335"},{"key":"2337_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Macenski, S., et al.: Robot Operating System 2: Design, architecture, and uses in the wild. Sci. Robot. 7(66), eabm6074 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scirobotics.abm6074https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1126\/scirobotics.abm6074","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abm6074"},{"key":"2337_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Masone, C., et al.: Semi-autonomous trajectory generation for mobile robots with integral haptic shared control. In: 2014 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 6468\u20136475. (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICRA.2014.6907814","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2014.6907814"},{"key":"2337_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Masone, C., et al.: Shared planning and control for mobile robots with integral haptic feedback. Int. J. Robot. Res. 37(11), 1395\u20131420 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0278364918802006. eprint","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364918802006"},{"key":"2337_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meier, L., Honegger, D., Pollefeys, M.: PX4: A node-based multithreaded open source robotics framework for deeply embedded platforms. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 6235\u20136240. (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICRA.2015.7140074","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2015.7140074"},{"key":"2337_CR33","unstructured":"ModalAI. VOXL2: A Powerful Companion Computer for Drones. (2024). https:\/\/www.modalai.com\/products\/voxl-2?variant=39914779836467. Accessed 08 Feb 2024"},{"key":"2337_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Odelga, M., Stegagno, P., B\u00fclthoff, H.H.: Obstacle detection, tracking and avoidance for a teleoperated UAV. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 2984\u20132990. (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICRA.2016.7487464","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2016.7487464"},{"key":"2337_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Odelga, M., et al.: A Self-contained Teleoperated Quadrotor: On-Board State-Estimation and Indoor Obstacle Avoidance. In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 7840\u20137847. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICRA.2018.8463185","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2018.8463185"},{"key":"2337_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Outay, F., Mengash, H.A., Adnan, M.: Applications of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in road safety, traffic and highway infrastructure management: Recent advances and challenges. In: Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 141 (Nov. 2020), pp. 116\u2013129. issn: 09658564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2020.09.018https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S096585642030728X (visited on 07\/06\/2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2020.09.018"},{"key":"2337_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Perez-Grau, F.J., et al.: Semi-autonomous teleoperation of UAVs in search and rescue scenarios. In: 2017 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), pp. 1066\u20131074. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICUAS.2017.7991349","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS.2017.7991349"},{"key":"2337_CR38","unstructured":"Qualcomm Developer Network. Machine Vision SDK. (2024). https:\/\/developer.qualcomm.com\/software\/machine-vision-sdk. Accessed 27 May 2024"},{"key":"2337_CR39","unstructured":"Quigley, M., et al.: ROS: An open-source robot operating system. In: Workshops at the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. (2009)"},{"key":"2337_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Real, F., et al.: Unmanned aerial vehicle abstraction layer: An abstraction layer to operate unmanned aerial vehicles. Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst. 17(4), 1\u201313 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1729881420925011","DOI":"10.1177\/1729881420925011"},{"key":"2337_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sanchez-Cuevas, P.J., Heredia, G., Ollero, A.: Multirotor UAS for bridge inspection by contact using the ceiling effect. In: 2017 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS). 2017 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS). June 2017, pp. 767\u2013774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICUAS.2017.7991412","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS.2017.7991412"},{"key":"2337_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schofield, O.B., Lorenzen, K.H., Ebeid, E.: Cloud to Cable: A Drone Framework for Autonomous Power line Inspection. In: 2020 23rd Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD), pp. 503\u2013509. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DSD51259.2020.00085","DOI":"10.1109\/DSD51259.2020.00085"},{"key":"2337_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suzuki, R., et al.: Augmented Reality and Robotics: A Survey and Taxonomy for AR-Enhanced Human-Robot Interaction and Robotic Interfaces. In: Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI \u201922. New Orleans, LA, USA: Association for Computing Machinery (2022). isbn: 9781450391573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3491102.3517719","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517719"},{"key":"2337_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tordesillas, J., et al.: Real-Time Planning with Multi-Fidelity Models for Agile Flights in Unknown Environments. In: 2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 725\u2013731. (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8794248","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8794248"},{"key":"2337_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vaquero-Melchor, D., Bernardos, A.M.: Alternative interaction techniques for drone-based mission definition: from desktop UI to wearable AR. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia. MUM \u201919. Pisa, Italy: Association for Computing Machinery (2019). isbn: 9781450376242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3365610.3368420","DOI":"10.1145\/3365610.3368420"},{"key":"2337_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"von Ellenrieder, K.D., et al.: Shared human\u2013robot path following control of an unmanned ground vehicle. Mechatronics 83, 102750 (2022). issn: 0957- 4158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2022.102750https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0957415822000083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2022.102750"},{"key":"2337_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Walker, M.E., Hedayati, H., Szafir, D.: Robot Teleoperation with Augmented Reality Virtual Surrogates. In: 2019 14th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), pp. 202\u2013210. (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HRI.2019.8673306","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2019.8673306"},{"key":"2337_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, Q., et al.: GPA-Teleoperation: Gaze Enhanced Perception-Aware Safe Assistive Aerial Teleoperation. IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. 7(2), 5631\u20135638 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LRA.2022.3153898.","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2022.3153898."},{"key":"2337_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kassem Zein, M., et al.: Deep Learning and Mixed Reality to Autocomplete Teleoperation. In: 2021 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 4523\u20134529. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICRA48506.2021.9560887","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA48506.2021.9560887"},{"key":"2337_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kassem Zein, M., et al.: Enhanced Teleoperation Using Autocomplete. In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 9178\u20139184. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICRA40945.2020.9197140","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA40945.2020.9197140"},{"key":"2337_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Yang, G., Khurshid, R.P.: Haptic Teleoperation of UAVs Through Control Barrier Functions. IEEE Trans. Haptics 13(1), 109\u2013115 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TOH.2020.2966485","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2020.2966485"},{"key":"2337_CR52","unstructured":"Zhao, X., et al.: Fast Segment Anything. (2023). arXiv:2306.12156 [cs.CV]"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Robotic Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10846-025-02337-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10846-025-02337-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10846-025-02337-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T07:39:15Z","timestamp":1774856355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10846-025-02337-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["2337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10846-025-02337-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-0409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-0409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest\/Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"8"}}