{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T10:00:19Z","timestamp":1774864819766,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766793600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62163014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62163014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Intell Robot Syst"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human-robot collaborative digital twin (HRC-DT) systems often suffer dynamic mismatches between virtual models and their physical counterparts due to data noise, mapping latency, system instability, and external sensor disturbances. To mitigate these issues, we propose a spatiotemporal alignment framework that fuses multi-source data resampling with adaptive feedback control. First, all sampling subsystems and the digital twin platform are time-synchronized via the Network Time Protocol (NTP). We then construct a motion-confidence-driven adaptive filter (MCDAF) to suppress abrupt distortions in human skeletal data, followed by a spatial-correlation-based predictive resampling (SCPR) module that aligns sensor streams with DT update timestamps. To reduce computational and communication load while preserving the necessary human body tracking accuracy, we introduce a dynamic sampling rate proportional-derivative (PD) controller based on human joint dynamics and human-robot distance. Finally, to promptly detect any physical disturbances that the depth camera may encounter during in operation, we developed an image-based self-check module for the depth-camera offset, along with a dynamic interference guard (DIG) mechanism, and a 6D pose detection-based rapid recalibration method. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach enhances dynamic consistency compared with conventional methods, and provides a robust and efficient solution for reliable HRC-DT deployment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-025-02346-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T11:44:12Z","timestamp":1766835852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-time Spatiotemporal Synchronization for Human-robot Collaborative Systems: An Integrated Digital Twin Framework with Adaptive Data Processing"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Yidian","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Lao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengzhan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2346_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2873186","volume":"15","author":"F Tao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tao, F., Zhang, H., Liu, A., Nee, A.Y.C.: Digital twin in industry: State-of-the-art. IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf. 15, 2405\u20132415 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Industr. Inf."},{"key":"2346_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3390\/computers13040100","volume":"13","author":"AL Hananto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hananto, A.L., et al.: Digital twin and 3d digital twin: Concepts, applications, and challenges in industry 4.0 for digital twin. Computers 13, 100 (2024)","journal-title":"Computers"},{"key":"2346_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2019.05.002","volume":"68","author":"L Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, L., et al.: Symbiotic human-robot collaborative assembly. CIRP Ann. 68, 701\u2013726 (2019)","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"issue":"8031","key":"2346_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07697-2","volume":"633","author":"P Slade","year":"2024","unstructured":"Slade, P., et al.: On human-in-the-loop optimization of human-robot interaction. Nature 633(8031), 779\u2013788 (2024)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2346_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, X., et\u00a0al. Digital twin for smart manufacturing equipment: Modeling and applications. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. (2025)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-025-15468-0"},{"key":"2346_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2020.102084","volume":"68","author":"W Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, W., Peternel, L., Lorenzini, M., Babi\u010d, J., Ajoudani, A.: A human-robot collaboration framework for improving ergonomics during dexterous operation of power tools. Robot. Comput.-Integr. Manuf. 68, 102084 (2021)","journal-title":"Robot. Comput.-Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"2346_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5680","DOI":"10.3390\/s24175680","volume":"24","author":"M Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh, M., et al.: Unity and ros as a digital and communication layer for digital twin application: Case study of robotic arm in a smart manufacturing cell. Sensors 24, 5680 (2024)","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2346_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2023.09.004","volume":"71","author":"S Su","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su, S., Nassehi, A., Hicks, B., Ross, J.: Characterisation and evaluation of identicality for digital twins for the manufacturing domain. J. Manuf. Syst. 71, 224\u2013237 (2023)","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"2346_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2022.10.012","volume":"65","author":"X Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma, X., Qi, Q., Cheng, J., Tao, F.: A consistency method for digital twin model of human-robot collaboration. J. Manuf. Syst. 65, 550\u2013563 (2022)","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"2346_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010073","volume":"23","author":"M Noor-A-Rahim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noor-A-Rahim, M., et al.: Wireless communications for smart manufacturing and industrial iot: Existing technologies, 5g and beyond. Sensors 23, 73 (2022)","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2346_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5928","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205928","volume":"20","author":"H Yi\u011fitler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yi\u011fitler, H., Badihi, B., J\u00e4ntti, R.: Overview of time synchronization for iot deployments: Clock discipline algorithms and protocols. Sensors 20, 5928 (2020)","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2346_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12584","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3330152","volume":"24","author":"H Fu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fu, H., Deng, L., Tang, B., Zhu, P., Huang, Y.: Multivibration sensors data fusion codec for mechanical digital twin. IEEE Sens. J. 24, 12584\u201312593 (2024)","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"2346_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mfglet.2024.09.152","volume":"41","author":"T Bin Touhid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bin Touhid, T., Zhu, E., Ehteshamfar, M.V., Yang, S.: Synchronization evaluation of digital twin for a robotic assembly system using computer vision. Manuf. Lett. 41, 1257\u20131263 (2024)","journal-title":"Manuf. Lett."},{"key":"2346_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4857","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3221012","volume":"10","author":"P Jia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jia, P., Wang, X., Shen, X.: Accurate and efficient digital twin construction using concurrent end-to-end synchronization and multi-attribute data resampling. IEEE Internet Things J. 10, 4857\u20134870 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"2346_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3901\/JME.2000.12.001","volume":"36","author":"W Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, W., et al.: A 5m synchronization mechanism for digital twin shop-floor. Chin. J. Mech. Eng. 36, 1\u201322 (2023)","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"2346_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2022.105674","volume":"9","author":"H Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, H., Wang, X., Huang, X., Ma, Y., Jiang, Z.: Multi-joint active collision avoidance for robot based on depth visual perception. IEEE\/CAA J. Autom. Sin. 9, 2186\u20132189 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J. Autom. Sin."},{"key":"2346_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2025.04.009","volume":"80","author":"J Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, J., Zhu, E., Lin, W., Yang, S.X., Yang, S.: A novel digital twins-driven mutual trust framework for human\u2013robot collaborations. J. Manuf. Syst. 80, 948\u2013962 (2025)","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"2346_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8266","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3353799","volume":"73","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, H., You, M., Liu, T., Zhang, Q., Liu, Y.: Variable cluster routing for large-scale human-robot collaboration systems \u2014 a top-down cluster routing. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 73, 8266\u20138280 (2024)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"2346_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2024.3496905","volume":"25","author":"C Scholz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Scholz, C., et al.: Sensor-enabled safety systems for human\u2013robot collaboration: A review. IEEE Sens. J. 25, 65\u201388 (2025)","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"2346_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3029459","volume":"21","author":"H Darvishi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Darvishi, H., Ciuonzo, D., Eide, E.R., Rossi, P.S.: Sensor-fault detection, isolation and accommodation for digital twins via modular data-driven architecture. IEEE Sens. J. 21, 4827\u20134838 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"2346_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104175","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2998723","volume":"8","author":"TR Wanasinghe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wanasinghe, T.R., et al.: Digital twin for the oil and gas industry: Overview, research trends, opportunities, and challenges. IEEE Access 8, 104175\u2013104197 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2346_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirpj.2020.02.002","volume":"29","author":"D Jones","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jones, D., Snider, C., Nassehi, A., Yon, J., Hicks, B.: Characterising the digital twin: A systematic literature review. CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol. 29, 36\u201352 (2020)","journal-title":"CIRP J. Manuf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2346_CR23","volume":"55","author":"C Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, C., et al.: A systematic review of digital twin techniques in manufacturing and engineering. Adv. Eng. Inform. 55, 101684 (2023)","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"2346_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2023.109764","volume":"187","author":"A Baratta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baratta, A., Cimino, A., Longo, F., Nicoletti, L.: Digital twin for human-robot collaboration enhancement in manufacturing systems: Literature review and direction for future developments. Comput. Ind. Eng. 187, 109764 (2024)","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"2346_CR25","volume":"143","author":"G Shao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shao, G., et al.: Digital twins for advanced manufacturing systems: State-of-the-art realization and challenges. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 143, 040801 (2021)","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2346_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.07.198","volume":"11","author":"E Negri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Negri, E., Fumagalli, L., Macchi, M.: A review of the roles of digital twin in cps-based production systems. Procedia Manuf. 11, 939\u2013948 (2017)","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"2346_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Bao, R., Zhang, L., Wang, J., Wang, S.: Embodied intelligence in ro\/ro logistic terminal: Autonomous intelligent transportation robot architecture. Sci. China Inform. Sci. 68 (2025)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-024-4395-7"},{"key":"2346_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.08.474","volume":"51","author":"W Kritzinger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kritzinger, W., Karner, M., Traar, G., Henjes, J., Sihn, W.: Digital twin in manufacturing: A categorical literature review and classification. IFAC-PapersOnLine 51, 1016\u20131022 (2018)","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"2346_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-017-0233-1","volume":"94","author":"F Tao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tao, F., et al.: Digital twin-driven product design, manufacturing and service with big data. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 94, 3563\u20133576 (2018)","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"2346_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2019.10.001","volume":"58","author":"Q Qi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qi, Q., et al.: Enabling technologies and tools for digital twin. J. Manuf. Syst. 58, 3\u201321 (2021)","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"2346_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108952","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2998358","volume":"8","author":"A Fuller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fuller, A., Fan, Z., Day, C., Barlow, C.: Digital twin: Enabling technologies, challenges and open research. IEEE Access 8, 108952\u2013108971 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2346_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2019.101837","volume":"61","author":"Y Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Liu, C., Wang, K.I.K., Huang, H., Xu, X.: Digital twin-driven smart manufacturing: Connotation, reference model, applications and research issues. Robot. Comput.-Integr. Manuf. 61, 101837 (2020)","journal-title":"Robot. Comput.-Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"2346_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2021.05.011","volume":"60","author":"J Leng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leng, J., et al.: Digital twins-based smart manufacturing system design in industry 4.0: A review. J. Manuf. Syst. 60, 119\u2013137 (2021)","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"2346_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.05.022","volume":"219","author":"SS Kamble","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kamble, S.S., Gunasekaran, A., Gawankar, S.A.: Achieving sustainable performance in a data-driven agriculture supply chain: A review for research and applications. Int. J. Prod. Econ. 219, 179\u2013194 (2020)","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"2346_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2018.01.003","volume":"48","author":"Q Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, Q., et al.: Digital twin-driven rapid reconfiguration of the automated manufacturing system via an open architecture model. J. Manuf. Syst. 48, 144\u2013156 (2018)","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"2346_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.11.009","volume":"58","author":"H Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, H., et al.: Digital twin-based collaborative human-robot cyber-physical production system: Framework, control and implementation. J. Manuf. Syst. 58, 1\u201313 (2021)","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"2346_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.11.152","volume":"61","author":"THJ Uhlemann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Uhlemann, T.H.J., Lehmann, C., Steinhilper, R.: The digital twin: Realizing the cyber-physical production system for industry 4.0. Procedia CIRP 61, 335\u2013340 (2017)","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"2346_CR38","unstructured":"Minerva, R., Biru, A., Rotondi, D.: Towards a definition of the internet of things (iot). IEEE Internet Initiative 1, 1\u201386 (2015)"},{"key":"2346_CR39","first-page":"1094","volume":"58","author":"J Leng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leng, J., et al.: Digital twin-driven rapid individualised designing of automated flow-shop manufacturing system. Int. J. Prod. Res. 58, 1094\u20131111 (2020)","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"2346_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2021.103469","volume":"130","author":"C Semeraro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Semeraro, C., Lezoche, M., Panetto, H., Dassisti, M.: Digital twin paradigm: A systematic literature review. Comput. Ind. 130, 103469 (2021)","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"2346_CR41","unstructured":"He, B., Bai, K.J.: Digital twin-based sustainable intelligent manufacturing: A review. Adv. Manuf. 10, 329\u2013352 (2022)"},{"key":"2346_CR42","first-page":"17","volume":"29","author":"G Shao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shao, G., Jain, S., Lechevalier, D., Le, T.: Framework for a digital twin in manufacturing: Scope and requirements. Manuf. Lett. 29, 17\u201320 (2021)","journal-title":"Manuf. Lett."},{"key":"2346_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boschert, S., Rosen, R.: Digital twin\u2014the simulation aspect. Mechatron. Futures 59\u201374 (2016)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-32156-1_5"},{"key":"2346_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grieves, M., Vickers, J.: Digital twin: Mitigating unpredictable, undesirable emergent behavior in complex systems. Transdiscipl. Perspect. Complex Syst. 85\u2013113 (2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-38756-7_4"},{"key":"2346_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167653","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2953499","volume":"7","author":"BR Barricelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barricelli, B.R., Casiraghi, E., Fogli, D.: A survey on digital twin: Definitions, characteristics, applications, and design implications. IEEE Access 7, 167653\u2013167671 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2346_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5177","DOI":"10.3390\/en17205177","volume":"17","author":"L Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, L., et al.: A survey of computer vision detection, visual slam algorithms, and their applications in energy-efficient autonomous systems. Energies 17, 5177 (2024)","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"2346_CR47","first-page":"1","volume":"72","author":"X Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, X., et al.: A multisensor fusion with automatic vision\u2013lidar calibration based on factor graph joint optimization for slam. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 72, 1\u20139 (2023)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"2346_CR48","first-page":"1401","volume":"11","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhang, G., Liu, Y., Yan, J.: Digital twin-driven cyber-physical production system towards smart shop-floor. J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput. 11, 1401\u20131413 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"2346_CR49","first-page":"4876","volume":"59","author":"Q Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Luo, H., Zhang, H., Lu, Y., Liu, Y.: Digital twin-based production planning and control for complex product assembly shopfloor. Int. J. Prod. Res. 59, 4876\u20134894 (2021)","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"2346_CR50","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"J Cheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheng, J., Chen, W., Tao, F., Peng, Q.: Data and knowledge mining with big data towards smart production. J. Ind. Inf. Integr. 9, 1\u201313 (2018)","journal-title":"J. Ind. Inf. Integr."},{"key":"2346_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., et\u00a0al.: Enhanced self-attention-based rapid cnn for detecting dense objects in varying illumination. Cogn. Comput. 17 (2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-024-10376-z"},{"key":"2346_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, H., et\u00a0al.: Epdnet: A fast and accurate express package detection network on cpu. Neural Comput. Appl. (2025)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-025-11140-6"},{"key":"2346_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2024.09.008","volume":"155","author":"Z Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, Z., et al.: Adaptive impedance control for docking robot via Stewart parallel mechanism. ISA Trans. 155, 361\u2013372 (2024)","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"2346_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, J., Chen, Z., Wang, S., Wang, J., Xu, Y.: Roll torque vibration isolation control on parallel active suspension system via impedance-based mpc for vehicular terminal. IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 1\u20131 (2025)","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2025.3539596"},{"key":"2346_CR55","first-page":"17868","volume":"35","author":"B Wen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wen, B., Yang, W., Kautz, J., Birchfield, S.: FoundationPose: Unified 6d pose estimation and tracking of novel objects. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. 35, 17868\u201317879 (2024)","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit."}],"container-title":["Journal of Intelligent &amp; Robotic Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10846-025-02346-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10846-025-02346-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10846-025-02346-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T09:02:53Z","timestamp":1774861373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10846-025-02346-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["2346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10846-025-02346-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-0409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-0409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"This study did not require ethics approval.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"All participants in this study consented to publication.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}}],"article-number":"12"}}