{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T10:23:55Z","timestamp":1774520635536,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72071057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72071057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72301092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72301092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72331004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72331004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Glob Optim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10898-025-01493-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T21:10:15Z","timestamp":1746565815000},"page":"311-345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A bi-level programming problem of medicine procurement and production optimization"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jingwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kaining","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shaowen","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shuwan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1493_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2019.105514","volume":"81","author":"B Aghababaei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aghababaei, B., Pishvaee, M.S., Barzinpour, F.: A two-stage fuzzy optimization model for scarce medicine supply and ration planning under uncertainty: a case study. Appl. Soft Comput. J. 81, 105514 (2019)","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput. J."},{"key":"1493_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2017.06.030","volume":"110","author":"O Amirtaheri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amirtaheri, O., Zandieh, M., Dorri, B., Motameni, A.R.: A bi-level programming approach for production-distribution supply chain problem. Comput. Ind. Eng. 110, 527\u2013537 (2017)","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"1493_CR3","first-page":"115","volume":"6","author":"O Bandiera","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bandiera, O., Prat, A., Valletti, T., Bandiera, O., Prat, A.: Evidence from a policy experiment spending\u202f: evidence from a policy experiment. Am. Econ. Rev. 6(4), 115 (2008)","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"1493_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0548(93)90013-9","volume":"20","author":"O Ben-ayed","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ben-ayed, O.: Bilevel linear programming. Comput. Oper. Res. 20(5), 485\u2013501 (1993)","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"1493_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01681332","volume":"9","author":"DP Bertsekas","year":"1975","unstructured":"Bertsekas, D.P.: Necessary and sufficient conditions for a penalty method to be exact. Math. Program. 9(1), 87\u201399 (1975)","journal-title":"Math. Program."},{"issue":"2","key":"1493_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04019057","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000875","volume":"34","author":"Y Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Asce, M., Bouferguene, A., Shen, Y., et al.: Bilevel decision-support model for bus-route optimization and accessibility improvement for seniors. J. Comput. Civ. Eng. 34(2), 04019057 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Comput. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"1493_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-011-3442-z","volume":"58","author":"P Damodaran","year":"2012","unstructured":"Damodaran, P., Diyadawagamage, D.A., Ghrayeb, O., V\u00e9lez-gallego, M.C.: A particle swarm optimization algorithm for minimizing makespan of nonidentical parallel batch processing machines. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 58, 1131\u20131140 (2012)","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"1493_CR8","first-page":"952","volume":"47","author":"J Ding","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ding, J., Tian, R., Li, W.: The drug \u201cone receipt\u201d distribution system under the centralized drug purchasing policy. Chin. J. Pharm. 47(7), 952\u2013957 (2016)","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pharm."},{"key":"1493_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2016.07.028","volume":"94","author":"L Eberle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eberle, L., Cap\u00f3n-garc\u00eda, E., Sugiyama, H., Graser, A., Schmidt, R., Hungerb\u00fchler, K.: Rigorous approach to scheduling of sterile drug product manufacturing. Comput. Chem. Eng. 94, 221\u2013234 (2016)","journal-title":"Comput. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"1493_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2011.03.007","volume":"61","author":"A Elmi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elmi, A., Solimanpur, M., Topaloglu, S., Elmi, A.: A simulated annealing algorithm for the job shop cell scheduling problem with intercellular moves and reentrant parts q. Comput. Ind. Eng. 61(1), 171\u2013178 (2011)","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"1493_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2015.11.001","volume":"85","author":"WJ Gutjahr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gutjahr, W.J., Dzubur, N.: Bi-objective bilevel optimization of distribution center locations considering user equilibria. Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev. 85, 1\u201322 (2016)","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"1493_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2018.03.019","volume":"119","author":"H Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang, H., Zeng, N., Xu, H.: Procurement mechanism for dual sourcing and emergency production under capacity constraint. Comput. Ind. Eng. 119(3), 204\u2013218 (2018)","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"1493_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01586088","volume":"32","author":"RG Jeroslow","year":"1985","unstructured":"Jeroslow, R.G.: The polynomial hierarchy and a simple model for competitive analysis. Math. Program. 32(2), 146\u2013164 (1985)","journal-title":"Math. Program."},{"key":"1493_CR14","first-page":"1034","volume":"38","author":"K Jordon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jordon, K., Dossou, P., Junior, J.C.: Using lean manufacturing and machine learning for improving medicines procurement and dispatching in a hospital Using lean manufacturing and machine learning for c improving medicines procurement and dispatching in a hospital. Proc. Manuf. 38, 1034\u20131041 (2019)","journal-title":"Proc. Manuf."},{"key":"1493_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2005.06.005","volume":"103","author":"T Kim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kim, T., Hong, Y., Chang, S.Y.: Joint economic procurement\u2014production\u2013delivery policy for multiple items in a single-manufacturer, multiple-retailer system. Int. J. Prod. Econ. 103, 199\u2013208 (2006)","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"issue":"373","key":"1493_CR16","first-page":"49","volume":"5","author":"C Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, C., Fu, H.: Research on the effect evaluation of the implementation of the two-receipt policy in drug procurement. Health Econ. Res. 5(373), 49\u201351 (2018)","journal-title":"Health Econ. Res."},{"key":"1493_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2016.10.019","volume":"183","author":"J Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, J., Zhou, Y., Huang, W.: Production and procurement strategies for seasonal product supply chain under yield uncertainty with commitment-option contracts. Int. J. Prod. Econ. 183, 208\u2013222 (2017)","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"1493_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2021.102503","volume":"105","author":"Z Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, Z., Ou, J., Liang, G.: Optimizing hospital drug procurement with rebate contracts. Omega 105, 102503\u2013102519 (2021)","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"1493_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.03.010","volume":"567","author":"H Liao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liao, H., Kuang, L., Liu, Y., Tang, M.: Non-cooperative behavior management in group decision making by a conflict resolution process and its implementation for pharmaceutical supplier selection. Inf. Sci. 567, 131\u2013145 (2021)","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"1493_CR20","first-page":"161","volume":"5","author":"G Luceny","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luceny, G., Diana, R., Carlos, P., Esneyder, G.: Cooperation model in the electricity energy market using bi-level optimization and Shapley value. Oper. Res. Perspect. 5, 161\u2013168 (2018)","journal-title":"Oper. Res. Perspect."},{"issue":"5","key":"1493_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2021.105373","volume":"134","author":"Y Malekian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Malekian, Y., Mirmohammadi, S.H., Bijari, M.: Polynomial-time algorithms to solve the single-item capacitated lot sizing problem with a 1-breakpoint all-units quantity discount. Comput. Oper. Res. 134(5), 105373 (2021)","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"1493_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2017.10.006","volume":"46","author":"I Muhammad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Muhammad, I., Kang, C., Muhammad, B.R.: Medicine supply chain model for an integrated healthcare system with uncertain product complaints. J. Manuf. Syst. 46, 13\u201328 (2018)","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"1493_CR23","first-page":"12523","volume":"8","author":"ANM Nazeri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nazeri, A.N.M.: A multi-objective model for supplier evaluation and selection and multi-product order allocation in drug supply chain. Int. J. Pharm. Technol. 8(2), 12523\u201312536 (2016)","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"1493_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2017.12.019","volume":"209","author":"M Noori-Daryan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Noori-Daryan, M., Taleizadeh, A.A., Jolai, F.: Analyzing pricing, promised delivery lead time, supplier-selection, and ordering decisions of a multi-national supply chain under uncertain environment. Int. J. Prod. Econ. 209, 236\u2013248 (2019)","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"issue":"5","key":"1493_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113959","volume":"165","author":"H Park","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park, H., Son, D., Koo, B., Jeong, B.: Waiting strategy for the vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery using genetic algorithm. Expert Syst. Appl. 165(5), 113959 (2021)","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"11","key":"1493_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6800","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2023.4733","volume":"69","author":"J Pei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pei, J., Yan, P., Kumar, S.: No permanent friend or enemy: impacts of the IIoT-based platform in the maintenance service market. Manage. Sci. 69(11), 6800\u20136817 (2023)","journal-title":"Manage. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"1493_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.13189","volume":"30","author":"J Pei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pei, J., Yan, P., Kumar, S., Liu, X.: How to react to internal and external sharing in B2C and C2C. Prod. Oper. Manag. 30(1), 145\u2013170 (2021)","journal-title":"Prod. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"1493_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2020.113401","volume":"188","author":"H Sheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sheng, H., Kim, D., Chin, A.S., Zhao, Y., Liu, Y., Katwaru, R., et al.: Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis development of an automated and high throughput UHPLC \/ MS based workflow for cleaning verification of potent compounds in the pharmaceutical manufacturing environment. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 188, 113401 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"1493_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2016.02.001","volume":"175","author":"MD Sherwin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sherwin, M.D., Medal, H., Lapp, S.A.: A coordinated manufacturer-retailer model under stochastic demand and production rate. Int. J. Prod. Econ. 175, 64\u201370 (2016)","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"1493_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2015.06.013","volume":"168","author":"MS Sajadieh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sajadieh, M.S., Larsen, C.: Proactive cost-effective identification and mitigation of supply delay risks in a low volume high value supply chain using fault-tree analysis. Int. J. Prod. Econ. 168, 153\u2013163 (2015)","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"1493_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2019.106231","volume":"140","author":"\u017d Stevi\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stevi\u0107, \u017d, Pamu\u010dar, D., Pu\u0161ka, A., Chatterjee, P.: Sustainable supplier selection in healthcare industries using a new MCDM method: Measurement of alternatives and ranking according to compromise solution (MARCOS). Comput. Ind. Eng. 140, 106231 (2020)","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"1493_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2014.05.008","volume":"67","author":"WY Szeto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Szeto, W.Y., Jiang, Y.: Transit route and frequency design: Bi-level modeling and hybrid artificial bee colony algorithm approach. Transp. Res. Part B Methodol. 67, 235\u2013263 (2014)","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"1493_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2013.12.004","volume":"52","author":"BW Thomas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thomas, B.W., Manni, E.: Scheduled penalty variable neighborhood search. Comput. Oper. Res. 52, 170\u2013180 (2014)","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"issue":"July","key":"1493_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2021.105473","volume":"136","author":"H Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, H., Bai, C., Wei, Q., Lev, B.: Inventory and pricing decisions when dealing with strategic consumers: a comprehensive analysis. Comput. Oper. Res. 136(July), 105473 (2021)","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"1493_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2019.09.348","volume":"159","author":"X Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, X., He, H., Zhang, Z., Zhao, M.: Bi-level optimization model of O2O fresh product experience store location considering service quality. Proc. Comput. Sci. 159, 1767\u20131776 (2019)","journal-title":"Proc. Comput. Sci."},{"issue":"35","key":"1493_CR36","first-page":"1484","volume":"7","author":"R Yan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yan, R., Cao, Y., Dong, J.: Key points and defect analysis of cleaning verification of pharmaceutical production equipment. Drugs Clin. 7(35), 1484\u20131488 (2020)","journal-title":"Drugs Clin."},{"issue":"6","key":"1493_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s11518-019-5429-5","volume":"28","author":"J Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Ke, G.Y.: Optimizing emergency logistics for the offsite hazardous waste management. J. Syst. Sci. Syst. Eng. 28(6), 747\u2013765 (2019)","journal-title":"J. Syst. Sci. Syst. Eng."},{"key":"1493_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.02.069","volume":"38","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Wan, Z., Wang, G.: A fuzzy interactive method for a class of bilevel multi-objective programming problem. Expert Syst. Appl. 38, 10384\u201310388 (2011)","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Optimization"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10898-025-01493-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10898-025-01493-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10898-025-01493-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T09:10:40Z","timestamp":1774516240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10898-025-01493-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10898-025-01493-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0925-5001","1573-2916"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0925-5001","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2916","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}