{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T06:51:12Z","timestamp":1769237472525,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,17]],"date-time":"2008-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1210982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-008-9154-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,16]],"date-time":"2008-05-16T09:52:00Z","timestamp":1210931520000},"page":"481-488","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Application of Higher Order Spectra for the Identification of Diabetes Retinopathy Stages"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Acharya U","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chua Kuang","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. Y. K.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenwei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Chee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"9154_CR1","volume-title":"Image modelling of human eye","author":"U. R. Acharya","year":"2008","unstructured":"Acharya, U. R., Ng, E. Y. K., and Suri, J. S., Image modelling of human eye. Artech House, Norwood, 2008April."},{"issue":"2","key":"9154_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"C. J. Burgess","year":"1998","unstructured":"Burgess, C. J., A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition. Data. Min. Knowl. Discov. 2:21\u201347, 1998.","journal-title":"Data. Min. Knowl. Discov"},{"key":"9154_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1109\/83.568927","volume":"6","author":"V. Chandran","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chandran, V., Carswell, B., Boashash, B., and Elgar, S. L., Pattern Recognition Using Invariants Defined from Higher Order Spectra: 2-D Image Inputs. IEEE Transcations on image processing. 6:703\u2013712, 1997.","journal-title":"IEEE Transcations on image processing"},{"key":"9154_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511801389","volume-title":"Support Vector Machines and other kernel-based learning methods","author":"N. Christianini","year":"2000","unstructured":"Christianini, N., and Taylor, J., Support Vector Machines and other kernel-based learning methods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000."},{"key":"9154_CR5","first-page":"6495","volume":"1","author":"K. C. Chua","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chua, K. C., Chandran, V., Acharya, U. R., and Lim, C. M., Analysis of epileptic EEG signals using higher order spectra. Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 1:6495\u20136498, 2007.","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"9154_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/03091900601050862","volume":"32","author":"K. C. Chua","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chua, K. C., Chandran, V., Acharya, U. R., and Lim, C. M., Cardiac State Diagnosis Using Higher Order Spectra of Heart Rate Variability. J. Med. Eng. Technol. 32:2145\u2013155, 2006.","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol"},{"key":"9154_CR7","unstructured":"Cigna healthcare coverage position- A Report, 2007. Accessed at http:\/\/www.cigna.com\/customer_care\/healthcare_professional\/coverage_positions\/medical\/mm_0080_coveragepositioncriteria_imaging_systems_optical.pdf , 5th December 2007."},{"key":"9154_CR8","unstructured":"Cree, M. J., Leandro, J. J. G., Soares, J. V. B., Cesar, R. M., Jelinek, H. F., and Cornforth, D., Comparison of various methods to delineate blood vessels in retinal images. Proceedings of the 16th Australian Institute of Physics Congress, Canberra, Australia, January 30\u2013February 4, 2005."},{"issue":"1, 2","key":"9154_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-2312(03)00373-4","volume":"55","author":"A. V. David Sanchez","year":"2003","unstructured":"V. David Sanchez, A., Advanced support vector machines and kernel methods. Neurocomputing. 55:1, 25\u201320, 2003.","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"1","key":"9154_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.1.226","volume":"26","author":"D. S. Fong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fong, D. S., Aiello, L., Gardner, T. W., King, G. L., Blankenship, G., Cavallerano, J. D., Ferris, F. L., and Klein, R., Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 26:1226\u2013229, 2003.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"9154_CR11","volume-title":"Extraction and quantitative description of vessel features in hypertensive retinopathy fundus images, presented at CAFIA2001","author":"M. Forracchia","year":"2001","unstructured":"Forracchia, M., Grisan, M. E., and Ruggeri, A., Extraction and quantitative description of vessel features in hypertensive retinopathy fundus images, presented at CAFIA2001. University of Padua, Padua, 2001."},{"issue":"2","key":"9154_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/1350-9462(94)00011-4","volume":"14","author":"R. N. Frank","year":"1995","unstructured":"Frank, R. N., Diabetic retinopathy. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 14:2361\u2013392, 1995.","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res"},{"key":"9154_CR13","volume-title":"Digital image processing","author":"R. C. Gonzalez","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gonzalez, R. C., and Wintz, P., Digital image processing, 2nd edition. Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1987.","edition":"2"},{"key":"9154_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayashi J, Takamitsu Kunieda, Joshua Cole, Ryusuke Soga, Yuji Hatanaka, Miao Lu, Takeshi Hara and Hiroshi Fujita: \u201cA development of computer-aided diagnosis system using fundus images\u201d. Proceeding of the 7th International Conference on Virtual Systems and MultiMedia (VSMM 2001), 429\u2013438, 2001.","DOI":"10.1109\/VSMM.2001.969697"},{"key":"9154_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1109\/72.991427","volume":"13","author":"C. W. Hsu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hsu, C. W., and Lin, C. J., A comparison of methods for multi-class support vector machines. IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks. 13:415\u2013425, 2002.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks"},{"key":"9154_CR16","unstructured":"Liverpool Declaration, Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy in Europe 15\u00a0years after the St. Vincent Declaration. Accessed at http:\/\/reseau-ophdiat.aphp.fr\/Document\/Doc\/confliverpool.pdf , 20th December 2007."},{"key":"9154_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/IJBI\/2006\/45806","volume":"1","author":"P. Kahai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kahai, P., Namuduri, K. R., and Thompson, H., A decision support framework for automated screening of diabetic retinopathy. Int J Biomed Imaging. 1:1\u20138, 2006.","journal-title":"Int J Biomed Imaging"},{"key":"9154_CR18","first-page":"156","volume-title":"Half-Against-Half Multi-class Support Vector Machines. Proceeding Sixth International Workshop on Multiple Classifier Systems","author":"H. Lei","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lei, H., and Govindaraju, V., Half-Against-Half Multi-class Support Vector Machines. Proceeding Sixth International Workshop on Multiple Classifier Systems. Springer, Berlin, pp. 156\u2013164, 2005."},{"key":"9154_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2005.847402","volume":"52","author":"H. Li","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li, H., Hsu, W., Lee, M. L., and Wong, T. Y., Automated grading of retinal vessel caliber. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 52:1352\u20131355, 2005.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"9154_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1109\/72.914517","volume":"12","author":"K. R. Muller","year":"2001","unstructured":"Muller, K. R., Mika, S., Ratsch, G., Tsuda, K., and Scholkopf, B., An introduction to Kernel Based Learning Algorithms. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 12:2181\u2013201, 2001.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw"},{"issue":"2","key":"9154_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-007-9113-9","volume":"32","author":"J. Nayak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nayak, J., Bhat, P. S., Acharya, U. R., Lim, C. M., and Kagathi, M., Automated Identification of Different Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy using digital fundus images. J. Med. Syst. 32:2107\u2013115, 2008.","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst"},{"key":"9154_CR22","volume-title":"Higher-order spectra analysis: a nonlinear signal processing framework","author":"C. L. Nikias","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nikias, C. L., and Petropulu, A. P., Higher-order spectra analysis: a nonlinear signal processing framework. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1993."},{"key":"9154_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0417","volume":"44","author":"L. Nicolai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nicolai, L., Jannik, G., Michael, G., Henrik, L. A., and Michael, L., Automated detection of diabetic retinopathy in a fundus photographic screening population. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44:767\u2013771, 2003.","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"9154_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2005.843738","volume":"24","author":"M. Niemeijer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Niemeijer, M., van Ginneken, B., Staal, J., Suttorp-Schulten, M., and Abr\u2019amoff, M., Automatic detection of red lesions in digital color fundus photographs. IEEE Trans. Med. Imag. 24:5584\u2013592, 2005.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imag"},{"issue":"3","key":"9154_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2003.10.021","volume":"137","author":"G. L. Ong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ong, G. L., Ripley, L. G., Newsom, R. S., Cooper, M., and Casswell, A. G., Screening for sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy: comparison of fundus photography with automated color contrast threshold test. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 137:3445\u2013452, 2004.","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol"},{"key":"9154_CR26","first-page":"547","volume":"12","author":"C. J. Platt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Platt, C. J., Chrisianini, N., and Shawe-Taylor, J., Large Margin DAGs for multiclass classification. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 12:547\u2013553, 2000.","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"9154_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.6.759","volume":"123","author":"C. L. Samuel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Samuel, C. L., Elisa, T. L., Yiming, W., Ronald, K., Ronald, M. K., and Ann, W., Computer classification of a nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol. 123:759\u2013764, 2005.","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"9154_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(00)00148-5","volume":"34","author":"Y. Shao","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shao, Y., and Celenk, M., Higher-order spectra (HOS) invariants for shape recognition. Pattern Recogn. 34:112097\u20132113, 2001.","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"1","key":"9154_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219519408002504","volume":"8","author":"T.G. Tan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tan, T. G., Acharya, U. R.,Ng, E. Y. K., Automated identification of eye diseases using higher order spectra. J. Mech. Med. Biol., 8(1):121\u2013136, 2008.","journal-title":"J. Mech. Med. Biol."},{"key":"9154_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallabha, D., Dorairaj, R., Namuduri K. R., and Thompson, H., Automated Detection and Classification of Vascular Abnormalities in Diabetic Retinopathy. 38th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, November 2004.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2004.1399432"},{"key":"9154_CR31","volume-title":"Statistical learning theory","author":"V. Vapnik","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vapnik, V., Statistical learning theory. Wiley, New York, 1998."},{"key":"9154_CR32","first-page":"181","volume":"2","author":"H. Wang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wang, H., Hsu, W., Goh, K., and Lee, M., An effective approach to detect lesions in colour retinal images. Proc. IEEE Conf. Comp. Vis. Pattern Recognit. 2:181\u2013187, 2000.","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE Conf. Comp. Vis. Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"9154_CR33","volume-title":"\u201cMulti-class support vector machines Technical Report\u201d CSD-TR-98-04","author":"J. Weston","year":"1998","unstructured":"Weston, J., and Watkins, C., \u201cMulti-class support vector machines Technical Report\u201d CSD-TR-98-04. Department of Computer Science, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, 1998."},{"key":"9154_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2007.07.020","volume":"178","author":"L. Y. Wong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wong, L. Y., Acharya, U. R., Venkatesh, Y. V., Chee, C., Lim, C. M., and Ng, E. Y. K., Identification of different stages of diabetic retinopathy using retinal optical images. Inf. Sci. 178:106\u2013121, 2008.","journal-title":"Inf. Sci"},{"key":"9154_CR35","first-page":"139","volume":"1","author":"Z. Xiaohui","year":"2004","unstructured":"Xiaohui, Z., and Chutatape, O., Detection and classification of bright lesions in colour fundus Images. Int. Conf. Image Process. 1:139\u2013142, 2004.","journal-title":"Int. Conf. Image Process"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-008-9154-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10916-008-9154-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-008-9154-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,2]],"date-time":"2019-06-02T08:51:29Z","timestamp":1559465489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10916-008-9154-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,17]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-008-9154-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-5598","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-689X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,17]]}}}