{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T14:37:24Z","timestamp":1775745444352,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,13]],"date-time":"2013-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-012-9924-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,15]],"date-time":"2013-01-15T10:05:38Z","timestamp":1358244338000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Realizing Digital Signatures for Medical Imaging and Reporting in a PACS Environment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Chung-Yueh","family":"Lien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsung-Lung","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Hung","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsair","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"9924_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2006.04.002","volume":"82","author":"CM Yang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yang, C. M., Lin, H. C., Chang, P., and Jian, W. S., Taiwan\u2019s perspective on electronic medical records\u2019 security and privacy protection: Lessons learned from HIPAA. Comput. Methods. Programs Biomed. 82:277\u2013282, 2006.","journal-title":"Comput. Methods. Programs Biomed."},{"key":"9924_CR2","unstructured":"Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). Available via Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. http:\/\/www.cms.hhs.gov\/hipaageninfo . Accessed 17 Oct 2010"},{"key":"9924_CR3","unstructured":"Code NZTHIP (1994) Rule 5: storage and security of health information. http:\/\/www.privacy.org.nz\/assets\/Files\/Codes-of-Practice-materials\/HIPC-1994-2008-revised-edition.pdf ."},{"key":"9924_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(97)00110-X","volume":"48","author":"K Toyoda","year":"1998","unstructured":"Toyoda, K., Standardization and security for the EMR. Int. J. Med. Inform. 48:57\u201360, 1998.","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"9924_CR5","unstructured":"Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Part 15: Security and System Management Profiles. National Electrical Manufacturers Association. ftp:\/\/medical.nema.org\/medical\/dicom\/2009\/09_15pu.pdf ."},{"key":"9924_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7101(96)01195-6","volume":"42","author":"JJ Bos","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bos, J. J., Digital signatures and the electronic health records: providing legal and security guarantees. Int. J. Biomed. Comput. 42:157\u2013163, 1996.","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Comput."},{"key":"9924_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s002610000011","volume":"25","author":"O Ratib","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ratib, O., Ligier, Y., Bandon, D., and Valentino, D., Update on digital image management and PACS: Web and PACS: Heralding the new age of imaging in the health care community. Abdom. Imaging 25:333\u2013340, 2000.","journal-title":"Abdom. Imaging"},{"key":"9924_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012373583-6.50015-3","volume-title":"Biomedical information technology","author":"EYS Lim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lim, E. Y. S., Data security and protection for medical images. In: Feng, D. D. (Ed.), Biomedical information technology, 1st edition. Elsevier, Burlington, pp. 249\u2013257, 2008.","edition":"1"},{"key":"9924_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634003","volume":"44","author":"A Hollerbach","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hollerbach, A., Brandner, R., Bess, A., Schm\u00fccker, R., and Bergh, B., Electronically signed documents in health care - analysis and assessment of data formats and transformation. Methods. Inf. Med. 44:520\u2013527, 2005.","journal-title":"Methods. Inf. Med."},{"key":"9924_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(03)00033-9","volume":"70","author":"M Haak van der","year":"2003","unstructured":"van der Haak, M., Wolff, A. C., Brandner, R., Drings, P., Wannenmacher, M., and Wetter, T., Data security and protection in cross-institutional electronic patient records. Int. J. Med. Inform. 70:117\u2013130, 2003.","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"9924_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2003.08.001","volume":"51","author":"B Sch\u00fcze","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcze, B., Kroll, M., Geisbe, T., and Filler, T. J., Patient data security in the DICOM standard. Eur. J. Radiol. 51:286\u2013289, 2004.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"9924_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-6111(02)00073-3","volume":"27","author":"F Cao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cao, F., Huang, H. K., and Zhou, X. Q., Medical image security in a HIPAA mandated PACS environment. Comput. Med. Imaging. Graph. 27:185\u2013196, 2003.","journal-title":"Comput. Med. Imaging. Graph."},{"key":"9924_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634389","volume":"41","author":"R Brandner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brandner, R., van der Haak, M., Hartmann, M., Haux, R., and Schm\u00fccker, P., Electronic signature for medical documents - Integration and evaluation of a public key infrastructure in hospitals. Methods. Inf. Med. 41:321\u2013330, 2002.","journal-title":"Methods. Inf. Med."},{"key":"9924_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2005.11.003","volume":"76","author":"S Lusignan de","year":"2007","unstructured":"de Lusignan, S., Chan, T., Theadom, A., and Dhoul, N., The roles of policy and professionalism in the protection of processed clinical data: A literature review. Int. J. Med. Inform. 76:261\u2013268, 2007.","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"issue":"5","key":"9924_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2009.05.007","volume":"25","author":"A Srivastava","year":"2009","unstructured":"Srivastava, A., Electronic signatures and security issues: An empirical study. Comput. Law. Sec. Rev. 25(5):432\u2013446, 2009.","journal-title":"Comput. Law. Sec. Rev."},{"key":"9924_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2005.10.006","volume":"81","author":"G Kardas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kardas, G., and Tunali, E. T., Design and implementation of a smart card based healthcare information system. Comput. Methods. Programs Biomed. 81:66\u201378, 2006.","journal-title":"Comput. Methods. Programs Biomed."},{"key":"9924_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2007.11.014","volume":"89","author":"YC Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen, Y. C., Chen, L. K., Tsai, M. D., Chiu, H. C., Chiu, J. S., and Chong, C. F., Fingerprint verification on medical image reporting system. Comput. Methods. Programs Biomed. 89:282\u2013288, 2008.","journal-title":"Comput. Methods. Programs Biomed."},{"key":"9924_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1996.97084514","volume":"3","author":"ST Wong","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wong, S. T., A cryptologic based trust center for medical images. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. 3:410\u2013421, 1996.","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"9924_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/146392399298537","volume":"24","author":"S Gritzalis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gritzalis, S., Iliadis, J., Gritzalis, D., Spinellis, D., and Katsikas, S., Developing secure web-based medical applications. Med. Inform. Internet Med. 24:75\u201390, 1999.","journal-title":"Med. Inform. Internet Med."},{"key":"9924_CR20","volume-title":"DICOM structured reporting","author":"DA Clunie","year":"2000","unstructured":"Clunie, D. A., DICOM structured reporting. PixelMed, Bangor, 2000."},{"key":"9924_CR21","first-page":"70","volume":"4685","author":"J Riesmeier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Riesmeier, J., Eichelberg, M., Kleber, K., Gr\u00f6nemeyer, D. H. W., Oosterwijk, H., and Jensch, P., Authentication, integrity and confidentiality in DICOM structured reporting: Concept and implementation. SPIE Med. Imaging 4685:70\u2013278, 2002.","journal-title":"SPIE Med. Imaging"},{"key":"9924_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-003-1730-3","volume":"16","author":"L Lepanto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lepanto, L., Impact of electronic signature on radiology report turnaround time. J. Digit Imaging 16:306\u2013309, 2003.","journal-title":"J. Digit Imaging"},{"key":"9924_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2004.09.009","volume":"29","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., and Liu, B. J., HIPAA compliant auditing system for medical images. Comput. Med. Imaging. Graph. 29:235\u2013241, 2005.","journal-title":"Comput. Med. Imaging. Graph."},{"key":"9924_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-005-9248-5","volume":"19","author":"B Liu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liu, B., Zhou, Z., and Huang, H., A HIPAA-compliant architecture for securing clinical images. J. Digit Imaging 19:172\u2013180, 2006.","journal-title":"J. Digit Imaging"},{"key":"9924_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5131(03)00463-1","volume":"1256","author":"M Kroll","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kroll, M., Sch\u00fctze, B., Geisbe, T., Lipinski, H. G., Gr\u00f6nemeyer, D. H. W., and Filler, T. J., Embedded systems for signing medical images using the DICOM standard. Int. Congr. Ser. 1256:849\u2013854, 2003.","journal-title":"Int. Congr. Ser."},{"key":"9924_CR26","unstructured":"Jin P FPGA and ASIC Implementation of ECC Processor for Security on Medical Embedded System. 3rd Information Technology and Applications, International Conference on, 2005. pp 547\u2013551."},{"key":"9924_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-003-1710-7","volume":"16","author":"NVK Vijay","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vijay, N. V. K., Sylvanus, A. E., Sergio, C., and Jose, A. R., Security middleware infrastructure for DICOM images in health information systems. J. Digit Imaging 16:356\u2013364, 2003.","journal-title":"J. Digit Imaging"},{"key":"9924_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.5405\/jmbe.30.4.02","volume":"30","author":"CY Lien","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lien, C. Y., Kao, T., Hsiao, C. H., and Keng, C. I., A software-embedded method of security protection applied in indirect imaging in dentistry. J. Med. Biol. Eng. 30:203\u2013207, 2010.","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"9924_CR29","unstructured":"Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Supplement 41: Digital Signatures. National Electrical Manufacturers Association. ftp:\/\/medical.nema.org\/medical\/dicom\/final\/sup41_ft.pdf ."},{"key":"9924_CR30","unstructured":"Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Supplement 86: Digital Signatures in Structured Reports. National Electrical Manufacturers Association. ftp:\/\/medical.nema.org\/medical\/dicom\/final\/sup86_ft2.pdf ."},{"key":"9924_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-009-9191-y","volume":"23","author":"CY Lien","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lien, C. Y., Hsiao, C. H., Huang, L. C., and Kao, T., Applying a presentation content manifest for signing clinical documents. J. Digit Imaging 23:152\u2013160, 2010.","journal-title":"J. Digit Imaging"},{"key":"9924_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2009.2014751","volume":"13","author":"L Kobayashi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kobayashi, L., Furuie, S., and Barreto, P., Providing integrity and authenticity in DICOM images: A novel approach. IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed. 13:582\u2013589, 2009.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"9924_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-008-9103-6","volume":"22","author":"L Kobayashi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kobayashi, L., and Furuie, S., Proposal for DICOM multiframe medical image integrity and authenticity. J. Digit Imaging 22:71\u201383, 2008.","journal-title":"J. Digit Imaging"},{"key":"9924_CR34","unstructured":"Bartel M, Boyer J, Fox B, LaMacchia B, Simon E (2001) XML-Signature Syntax and Processing - W3C Proposed Recommendation. . W3C (World Wide Web Consortium). http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/2001\/PRxmldsig-core-20010820\/ ."},{"key":"9924_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4048(98)80005-8","volume":"3","author":"P Landrock","year":"1998","unstructured":"Landrock, P., and Pedersen, T., WYSIWYS? \u2013 What you see is what you sign? Inf. Secur. Tech. Rep. 3:55\u201361, 1998.","journal-title":"Inf. Secur. Tech. Rep."},{"key":"9924_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2006.09.011","volume":"76","author":"P Ruotsalainen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ruotsalainen, P., and Manning, B., A notary archive model for secure preservation and distribution of electrically signed patient documents. Int. J. Med. Inform. 76:449\u2013453, 2007.","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"9924_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2006.09.010","volume":"76","author":"D Lekkas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lekkas, D., and Gritzalis, D., Long-term verifiability of the electronic healthcare records\u2019 authenticity. Int. J. Med. Inform. 76:442\u2013448, 2007.","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"9924_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2004.04.018","volume":"74","author":"P Pharow","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pharow, P., and Blobel, B., Electronic signatures for long-lasting storage purposes in electronic archives. Int. J. Med. Inform. 74:279\u2013287, 2005.","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"issue":"5","key":"9924_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2004.03.002","volume":"23","author":"D Lekkas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lekkas, D., and Gritzalis, D., Cumulative notarization for long-term preservation of digital signatures. Comput. Sec. 23(5):413\u2013424, 2004.","journal-title":"Comput. Sec."},{"key":"9924_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-010-9484-1","volume":"36","author":"YC Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu, Y. C., Huang, T. Y., and Hou, T. W., Forward secure digital signature for electronic medical records. J. Med. Syst. 36:399\u2013406, 2012.","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"9924_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-009-9266-9","volume":"34","author":"KH Huang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huang, K. H., Hsieh, S. H., Chang, Y. J., Lai, F., Hsieh, S. L., and Lee, H. H., Application of portable CDA for secure clinical-document exchange. J. Med. Syst. 34:531\u2013539, 2010.","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"9924_CR42","unstructured":"Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Supplement 95: Audit Trail Messages. National Electrical Manufacturers Association. ftp:\/\/medical.nema.org\/medical\/dicom\/final\/sup95_ft.pdf"},{"key":"9924_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-007-9008-9","volume":"21","author":"MB Morgan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morgan, M. B., Branstetter, B. F., Lionetti, D. M., Richardson, J. S., and Chang, P. J., The radiology digital dashboard: Effects on report turnaround time. J. Digit Imaging 21:50\u201358, 2008.","journal-title":"J. Digit Imaging"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-012-9924-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10916-012-9924-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-012-9924-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T09:09:24Z","timestamp":1562576964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10916-012-9924-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,13]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}},"alternative-id":["9924"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-012-9924-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-5598","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-689X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,13]]},"article-number":"9924"}}