{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T19:44:03Z","timestamp":1767987843546,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-019-1186-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T16:04:06Z","timestamp":1550073846000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Asynchronous Adaptive Threshold Level Crossing ADC for Wearable ECG Sensors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4657-3026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Antony","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shobha Rekh","family":"Paulson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. Jackuline","family":"Moni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1186_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1109\/82.488288","volume":"43","author":"N Sayiner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sayiner, N., Sorensen, H. V., and Viswanathan, T. R., A level-crossing sampling scheme for A\/D conversion. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog Digital Signal Processing 43(4):335\u2013339, 1996. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/82.488288\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog Digital Signal Processing"},{"key":"1186_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akopyan, F., Manohar, R., Apsel, A. B., A level-crossing flash asynchronous analog-to-digital converter. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems, Berkeley, 11\u201322, 2006. doi: \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ASYNC.2006.5","DOI":"10.1109\/ASYNC.2006.5"},{"issue":"8","key":"1186_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2008.2010094","volume":"56","author":"K Kozmin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kozmin, K., Johansson, J., and Delsing, J., Level-crossing ADC performance evaluation toward ultrasound application. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 56(8):1708\u20131719, 2009. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSI.2008.2010094\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers"},{"issue":"1","key":"1186_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1981.1094872","volume":"29","author":"JW Mark","year":"1981","unstructured":"Mark, J. W., and Todd, T. D., A nonuniform sampling approach to data compression. IEEE Transactions on Communications 29(1):24\u201332, 1981. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCOM.1981.1094872\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"},{"issue":"9","key":"1186_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2008.2011586","volume":"56","author":"T Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang, T., Wang, D., Hurst, P. J., Levy, B. C., and Lewis, S. H., A level crossing analog-to-digital converter with triangular dither. IEEE Transactions on Circuits System I, Regular Papers 56(9):2089\u20132099, 2009. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSI.2008.2011586\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits System I, Regular Papers"},{"issue":"4","key":"1186_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2005.03.002","volume":"37","author":"E Allier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Allier, E., Sicard, G., Fesquet, L., and Renaudin, M., Asynchronous level crossing analog to digital converters. Elsevier Measurement Journal 37(4):296\u2013309, 2005. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.measurement.2005.03.002\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Elsevier Measurement Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"1186_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/513706","volume":"2008","author":"KM Guan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guan, K. M., Kozat, S. S., and Singer, A. C., Adaptive reference levels in a level crossing analog-to-digital converter. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing 2008(1):1\u201311, 2008. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2008\/513706\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing"},{"issue":"4","key":"1186_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2008.2005456","volume":"43","author":"B Schell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schell, B., and Tsividis, Y., A continuous-time ADC\/DSP\/DAC system with no clock and with activity-dependent power dissipation. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 43(4):2472\u20132481, 2008. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSSC.2008.2005456\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits"},{"issue":"2","key":"1186_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2013.2254484","volume":"7","author":"Y Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhao, D., and Serjdin, W. A., A sub-microwatt asynchronous level-crossing ADC for biomedical applications. IEEE Transaction on biomedical circuits and systems 7(2):149\u2013157, 2013. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBCAS.2013.2254484\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"IEEE Transaction on biomedical circuits and systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"1186_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19660077","volume":"2","author":"H Inose","year":"1966","unstructured":"Inose, H., Aoki, T., and Watanabe, K., Asynchronous delta-modulation system. Electron Letters 2(3):95\u201396, 1966. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/el:19660077\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Electron Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"1186_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2012.07.018","volume":"23","author":"SS Kozat","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kozat, S. S., Guan, K. M., and Singer, A. C., Tracking the best level set in a level-crossing analog-to-digital converter. Digital Signal Processing 23(1):478\u2013487, 2012. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsp.2012.07.018\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Digital Signal Processing"},{"issue":"1","key":"1186_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-008-9219-8","volume":"34","author":"MR Canal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Canal, M. R., Comparison of wavelet and short time Fourier transform methods in the analysis of EMG signals. Journal of Medical Systems 34(1):91\u201394, 2010. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-008-9219-8\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"1186_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-007-9123-7","volume":"32","author":"ED Ubeyli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ubeyli, E. D., Cvetkovic, D., and Cosic, I. J., AR spectral analysis technique for human PPG, ECG and EEG signals. Journal of Medical Systems 32(3):201\u2013206, 2008. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-007-9123-7\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Systems"},{"key":"1186_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Belkheiri, M., Douidi, Z., Belkheiri, A., ECG beats extraction and classification using radial basis function neural networks. In S M., Kumar, S., (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Signal and Image Processing 2012 (ICSIP 2012), Lecture Notes Electr. Eng. 2:127\u2013136, 2012. doi: \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-81-322-1000-9_12","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-1000-9_12"},{"issue":"11","key":"1186_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3058","DOI":"10.1109\/78.726818","volume":"46","author":"T Stamkopoulos","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stamkopoulos, T., Maglaveras, N., Diamantaras, K., and Strintzis, M., ECG analysis using nonlinear PCA neural networks for ischemia detection. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 46(11):3058\u20133067, 1998. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/78.726818\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing"},{"issue":"5","key":"1186_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2014.2359183","volume":"8","author":"Y Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li, Y., Mansano, A. L., Yuan, Y., Zhao, D., and Serjdin, W. A., An ECG recording front end with continuous-time level-crossing sampling. IEEE Transaction on biomedical circuits and systems 8(5):1932\u20134545, 2014. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBCAS.2014.2359183\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"IEEE Transaction on biomedical circuits and systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"1186_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2015.2495272","volume":"10","author":"AL Mansano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mansano, A. L., Li, Y., Bagga, S., and Serjdin, W. A., An autonomous wireless sensor node with asynchronous ECG monitoring in 0.18\u03bcm CMOS. IEEE Transaction on biomedical circuits and systems 10(3):602\u2013611, 2016. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBCAS.2015.2495272\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"IEEE Transaction on biomedical circuits and systems"},{"key":"1186_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2016.10.005","volume":"32","author":"JAG Gneecchi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gneecchi, J. A. G., Maga\u00f1a, R. M., Espinoza, D. L., Anguiano, A. D. C. T., Archundia, E. R., Pati\u00f1o, A. M., and Miranda, R. C., DSP-based arrhythmia classification using wavelet transform and probabilistic neural network. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 32:44\u201356, 2017. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bspc.2016.10.005\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Biomedical Signal Processing and Control"},{"key":"1186_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weltin-Wu, C., Tsividis, Y., An event-driven, alias-free ADC with signal-dependent resolution. Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology and Circuits, Honolulu, HI, USA, 2012, 28\u201329, 2012. doi: \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VLSIC.2012.6243773","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSIC.2012.6243773"},{"key":"1186_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, Y., Serdijn, W. A., A continuous-time level-crossing ADC with 1-bit DAC and 3-input comparator. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Seoul, Korea, 1311\u20131314, 2012. doi: \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISCAS.2012.6271481","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2012.6271481"},{"issue":"5","key":"1186_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01744903","volume":"10","author":"O Ushiyama","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ushiyama, O., Okajima, H., Sasaki, Y., and Hasegawa, M., Noninvasive recording of his bundle activity with an analog delay device in normal subjects and patients with atrioventricular block. Hearts and Vessels 10(5):241\u2013248, 1995. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01744903\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Hearts and Vessels"},{"key":"1186_CR22","first-page":"506","volume":"28","author":"SW Smith","year":"2002","unstructured":"Smith, S. W., Digital signal processors. The scientist and Engineer\u2019s Guide to. Digital Signal Processing 28:506\u2013509, 2002 Retrieved from \n                    www.dspguide.com\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Digital Signal Processing"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10916-019-1186-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-019-1186-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-019-1186-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T19:13:53Z","timestamp":1581534833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10916-019-1186-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-019-1186-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-5598","1573-689X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-5598","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-689X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 November 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}}],"article-number":"78"}}