{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T06:46:31Z","timestamp":1783493191408,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004770","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Parma","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004770","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004770","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Parma","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004770","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Syst"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper aims to highlight the potential applications and limits of a large language model (LLM) in healthcare. ChatGPT is a recently developed LLM that was trained on a massive dataset of text for dialogue with users. Although AI-based language models like ChatGPT have demonstrated impressive capabilities, it is uncertain how well they will perform in real-world scenarios, particularly in fields such as medicine where high-level and complex thinking is necessary. Furthermore, while the use of ChatGPT in writing scientific articles and other scientific outputs may have potential benefits, important ethical concerns must also be addressed. Consequently, we investigated the feasibility of ChatGPT in clinical and research scenarios: (1) support of the clinical practice, (2) scientific production, (3) misuse in medicine and research, and (4) reasoning about public health topics. Results indicated that it is important to recognize and promote education on the appropriate use and potential pitfalls of AI-based LLMs in medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-023-01925-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T09:02:37Z","timestamp":1677920557000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":995,"title":["Evaluating the Feasibility of ChatGPT in Healthcare: An Analysis of Multiple Clinical and Research Scenarios"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Cascella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Montomoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Bellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Bignami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1925_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09548-1","volume":"30","author":"L Floridi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Floridi L, Chiriatti M (2020) GPT-3: Its Nature, Scope, Limits, and Consequences. Minds & Machines 30: 681\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-020-09548-1","journal-title":"Minds & Machines"},{"key":"1925_CR2","first-page":"5998","volume":"30","author":"A Vaswani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vaswani A, Shazeer N, Parmar N, Uszkoreit J, Jones L, Gomez AN, Kaiser L, Polosukhin L (2017) Attention is All You Need. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30:5998\u20136008.","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"1925_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kung HT, Cheatham M, ChatGPT, Medenilla A, Sillos C, De Leon L, Elepa\u00f1o C, Madriaga M, Aggabao R, Diaz-Candido G, Maningo J, Tseng V (2022) Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-Assisted Medical Education Using Large Language Models. medRxiv 2022.12.19.22283643; doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.12.19.22283643","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.12.19.22283643"},{"key":"1925_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li\u00e9vin V, Egeberg Hother C, Winther O (2022). Can large language models reason about medical questions? arXiv. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2207.08143.","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2207.08143"},{"issue":"7934","key":"1925_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-03479-w","volume":"611","author":"M Hutson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hutson M (2022) Could AI help you to write your next paper? Nature 611(7934):192\u2013193. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-022-03479-w.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7944","key":"1925_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-00056-7","volume":"613","author":"H Else","year":"2023","unstructured":"Else H (2023) Abstracts written by ChatGPT fool scientists. Nature 613(7944):423. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-00056-7.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"26","key":"1925_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2211868","volume":"387","author":"NC Andersen-Ranberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andersen-Ranberg NC, Poulsen LM, Perner A, Wetterslev J, Estrup S, H\u00e4stbacka J, Morgan M, Citerio G, Caballero J, Lange T, Kj\u00e6r MN, Ebdrup BH, Engstr\u00f8m J, Olsen MH, Oxenb\u00f8ll Collet M, Mortensen CB, Weber SO, Andreasen AS, Bestle MH, Uslu B, Scharling Pedersen H, Gramstrup Nielsen L, Toft Boesen HC, Jensen JV, Nebrich L, La Cour K, Laigaard J, Haurum C, Olesen MW, Overgaard-Steensen C, Westergaard B, Brand B, Kingo Vesterlund G, Thornberg Kyhnauv P, Mikkelsen VS, Hyttel-S\u00f8rensen S, de Haas I, Aagaard SR, Nielsen LO, Eriksen AS, Rasmussen BS, Brix H, Hildebrandt T, Sch\u00f8nemann-Lund M, Fjelds\u00f8e-Nielsen H, Kuivalainen AM, Mathiesen O; AID-ICU Trial Group (2022) Haloperidol for the Treatment of Delirium in ICU Patients. N Engl J Med 387(26):2425\u20132435. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2211868.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"1925_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2207304","volume":"387","author":"S Cheskes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheskes S, Verbeek PR, Drennan IR, McLeod SL, Turner L, Pinto R, Feldman M, Davis M, Vaillancourt C, Morrison LJ, Dorian P, Scales DC (2022) Defibrillation Strategies for Refractory Ventricular Fibrillation. N Engl J Med 387(21):1947\u20131956. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2207304.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1925_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Devos D, Labreuche J, Rascol O, Corvol JC, Duhamel A, Guyon Delannoy P, Poewe W, Compta Y, Pavese N, R\u016f\u017ei\u010dka E, Du\u0161ek P, Post B, Bloem BR, Berg D, Maetzler W, Otto M, Habert MO, Lehericy S, Ferreira J, Dodel R, Tranchant C, Eusebio A, Thobois S, Marques AR, Meissner WG, Ory-Magne F, Walter U, de Bie RMA, Gago M, Vilas D, Kulisevsky J, Januario C, Coelho MVS, Behnke S, Worth P, Seppi K, Ouk T, Potey C, Leclercq C, Viard R, Kuchcinski G, Lopes R, Pruvo JP, Pigny P, Gar\u00e7on G, Simonin O, Carpentier J, Rolland AS, Nyholm D, Scherfler C, Mangin JF, Chupin M, Bordet R, Dexter DT, Fradette C, Spino M, Tricta F, Ayton S, Bush AI, Devedjian JC, Duce JA, Cabantchik I, Defebvre L, Deplanque D, Moreau C; FAIRPARK-II Study Group (2022) Trial of Deferiprone in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. N Engl J Med 387(22):2045\u20132055. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2209254.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2209254"},{"issue":"23","key":"1925_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2209454","volume":"387","author":"J Hugosson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hugosson J, M\u00e5nsson M, Wallstr\u00f6m J, Axcrona U, Carlsson SV, Egevad L, Geterud K, Khatami A, Kohestani K, Pihl CG, Socratous A, Stranne J, Godtman RA, Hellstr\u00f6m M; G\u00d6TEBORG-2 Trial Investigators (2022) Prostate Cancer Screening with PSA and MRI Followed by Targeted Biopsy Only. N Engl J Med 387(23):2126\u20132137. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2209454.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"1925_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2118025","volume":"387","author":"RA Furie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Furie RA, van Vollenhoven RF, Kalunian K, Navarra S, Romero-Diaz J, Werth VP, Huang X, Clark G, Carroll H, Meyers A, Musselli C, Barbey C, Franchimont N; LILAC Trial Investigators (2022) Trial of Anti-BDCA2 Antibody Litifilimab for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. N Engl J Med 387(10):894\u2013904. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2118025.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1925_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stokel-Walker C (2023) ChatGPT listed as author on research papers: many scientists disapprove. Nature. 2023 Jan 18. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-00107-z.","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-00107-z"},{"issue":"4","key":"1925_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.15441\/ceem.17.261","volume":"5","author":"SB Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee SB, Oh JH, Park JH, Choi SP, Wee JH (2018) Differences in youngest-old, middle-old, and oldest-old patients who visit the emergency department. Clin Exp Emerg Med 5(4):249\u2013255. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15441\/ceem.17.261.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Emerg Med"},{"key":"1925_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gordijn B, Have HT (2023) ChatGPT: evolution or revolution? Med Health Care Philos. 2023 Jan 19. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11019-023-10136-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-023-10136-0"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-023-01925-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10916-023-01925-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-023-01925-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T06:09:39Z","timestamp":1703830179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10916-023-01925-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-023-01925-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-689X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-689X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interest"}}],"article-number":"33"}}