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Fifty-nine medical students were randomly allocated into three groups. Each participant in each group received a 30-minute lecture on a CHD condition interpretation and transcatheter treatment with different instructional tools. The participants of the first group attended a lecture in which traditional slides were projected onto a flat screen (group \u201cregular slideware\u201d, RS). The second group was shown slides incorporating videos of holographic anatomical models (group \u201cholographic videos\u201d, HV). Finally, those in the third group wore immersive, head-mounted devices (HMD) to interact directly with holographic anatomical models (group \u201cmixed reality\u201d, MR). At the end of the lecture, the members of each group were asked to fill in a multiple-choice questionnaire aimed at evaluating their topic proficiency, as a proxy to evaluate the effectiveness of the training session (in terms of acquired notions); participants from group MR were also asked to fill in a questionnaire regarding the recommendability and usability of the MS Hololens HMDs, as a proxy of satisfaction regarding its use experience (UX). The findings show promising results for usability and user acceptance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-023-01959-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T08:04:35Z","timestamp":1684310675000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Effect of Holographic Heart Models and Mixed Reality for Anatomy Learning in Congenital Heart Disease: An Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Angelo Fabio","family":"d\u2019Aiello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Cabitza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Natali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Vigan\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Ferrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Bognoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Pasqualin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Giamberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Chessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1959_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giovanni Biglino, Despina Koniordou, Marisa Gasparini, Claudio Capelli, Lindsay-Kay Leaver, Sachin Khambadkone, Silvia Schievano, Andrew\u00a0M Taylor, and Jo\u00a0Wray. Piloting the use of patient-specific cardiac models as a novel tool to facilitate communication during cinical consultations. Pediatric Cardiology, 38(4):813\u2013818, 2017.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-017-1586-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"1959_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.268","volume":"65","author":"Ivan Lau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ivan Lau and Zhonghua Sun. Three-dimensional printing in congenital heart disease: A systematic review. Journal of medical radiation sciences, 65(3):226\u2013236, 2018.","journal-title":"Journal of medical radiation sciences"},{"key":"1959_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-013-0675-8","volume":"57","author":"Hyangsook Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hyangsook Lee. 3d holographic technology and its educational potential. 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Use of computer-aided holographic models improves performance in a cadaver dissection-based course in gross anatomy. Clinical Anatomy, 29(7):917\u2013924, 2016.","journal-title":"Clinical Anatomy"},{"key":"1959_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santiago Gonz\u00e1lez\u00a0Izard, Juan\u00a0A Juanes\u00a0M\u00e9ndez, Pablo Ruisoto\u00a0Palomera, and Francisco\u00a0J Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alvo. Applications of virtual and augmented reality in biomedical imaging. Journal of medical systems, 43(4):1\u20135, 2019.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-019-1239-z"},{"key":"1959_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhonglin Qu, Chng\u00a0Wei Lau, Simeon\u00a0J Simoff, Paul\u00a0J Kennedy, Quang\u00a0Vinh Nguyen, and Daniel\u00a0R Catchpoole. Review of innovative immersive technologies for healthcare applications. 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Test results were not utilized to assess the student\u2019s performance within the official course of cardiology. Due to the nature of the study (involving only ungraded educational activities) and the low level of risk to participants, the paper was deemed to be exempt from ethical approval by the Institutional Review Board (IRB).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"64"}}