{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:54:21Z","timestamp":1765234461234,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, UCSF-CTSI","award":["UL1TR001872","UL1TR001872","UL1TR001872","UL1TR001872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001872","UL1TR001872","UL1TR001872","UL1TR001872"]}]},{"name":"Arthritis Foundation via a Diversity, Inclusion, and Equity Research in Health Outcomes","award":["891767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["891767"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Syst"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Racial and ethnic healthcare disparities require innovative solutions. Patient portals enable online access to health records and clinician communication and are associated with improved health outcomes. Nevertheless, a digital divide in access to such portals persist, especially among people of minoritized race and non-English-speakers. This study assesses the impact of automatic enrollment (autoenrollment) on patient portal activation rates among adult patients at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), with a focus on disparities by race, ethnicity, and primary language.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Starting March 2020, autoenrollment offers for patient portals were sent to UCSF adult patients aged 18 or older via text message. Analysis considered patient portal activation before and after the intervention, examining variations by race, ethnicity, and primary language. Descriptive statistics and an interrupted time series analysis were used to assess the intervention\u2019s impact.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Autoenrollment increased patient portal activation rates among all adult patients and patients of minoritized races saw greater increases in activation rates than White patients. While initially not statistically significant, by the end of the surveillance period, we observed statistically significant increases in activation rates in Latinx (3.5-fold, p\u2009=\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), Black (3.2-fold, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003), and Asian (3.1-fold, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) patient populations when compared with White patients. Increased activation rates over time in patients with a preferred language other than English (13-fold) were also statistically significant (p\u2009=\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) when compared with the increase in English preferred language patients.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>An organization-based workflow intervention that provided autoenrollment in patient portals via text message was associated with statistically significant mitigation of racial, ethnic, and language-based disparities in patient portal activation rates. Although promising, the autoenrollment intervention did not eliminate disparities in portal enrollment. More work must be done to close the digital divide in access to healthcare technology.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-024-02114-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T07:02:54Z","timestamp":1728370974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Automatic Enrollment in Patient Portal Systems Mitigates the Digital Divide in Healthcare: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis of an Autoenrollment Workflow Intervention"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6872-8495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leila","family":"Milanfar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"William Daniel","family":"Soulsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julie S.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aris","family":"Oates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"McCulloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2114_CR1","first-page":"1214","volume":"26","author":"M Buntin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Buntin M, Jain S, Blumenthal D. Health Information Technology: Laying The Infrastructure For National Health Reform. Deliv Paym Reforms. 2010; 26:1214\u20131219.","journal-title":"Deliv Paym Reforms"},{"issue":"6","key":"2114_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1006114","volume":"363","author":"D Blumenthal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blumenthal D, Tavenner M. The \u201cMeaningful Use\u201d Regulation for Electronic Health Records. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(6):501\u2013504. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMp1006114","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2114_CR3","unstructured":"Parasrampuria S, Henry J. Hospitals\u2019 Use of Electronic Health Records Data, 2015\u20132017. Off Natl Coord Health Inf Technol. 2019;(46)."},{"key":"2114_CR4","unstructured":"Strawley C, Everson J, Barker W. Hospital Use of APIs to Enable Data Sharing Between EHRs and Apps. 2023;(68)."},{"key":"2114_CR5","unstructured":"What is a patient portal? | HealthIT.gov. Accessed November 19, 2023. https:\/\/www.healthit.gov\/faq\/what-patient-portal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2114_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2020.11.014","volume":"3","author":"J Tome","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tome J, Ahmed S, Fagerlin A, et al. Patient Electronic Health Record Portal Use and Patient-Centered Outcomes in CKD. Kidney Med. 2021;3(2):231\u2013240.e1. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xkme.2020.11.014","journal-title":"Kidney Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2114_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ooac085","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooac085","volume":"6","author":"AM Johnson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Johnson AM, Brimhall AS, Johnson ET, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of patient education through patient portals. JAMIA Open. 2023;6(1):ooac085. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooac085","journal-title":"JAMIA Open"},{"key":"2114_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43567-e43567","DOI":"10.2196\/43567","volume":"11","author":"K Ferguson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferguson K, Fraser M, Tuna M, Bruntz C, Dahrouge S. The Impact of an Electronic Portal on Patient Encounters in Primary Care: Interrupted Time-Series Analysis. JMIR Med Inform. 2023;11:e43567-e43567. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/43567","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"2114_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37148-e37148","DOI":"10.2196\/37148","volume":"5","author":"AR Bhashyam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhashyam AR, Bansal M, McGovern MM, van der Vliet QMJ, Heng M. In-hospital Enrollment Into an Electronic Patient Portal Results in Improved Follow-up After Orthopedic Surgery: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Perioper Med. 2022;5(1):e37148-e37148. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/37148","journal-title":"JMIR Perioper Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2114_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43086","DOI":"10.2196\/43086","volume":"24","author":"MR Brands","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brands MR, Gouw SC, Beestrum M, Cronin RM, Fijnvandraat K, Badawy SM. Patient-Centered Digital Health Records and Their Effects on Health Outcomes: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24(12):e43086. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/43086","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2114_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2242853","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.42853","volume":"5","author":"AE Berset","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berset AE, Burkhardt MC, Xu Y, Mescher A, Brinkman WB. Effect of Electronic Outreach Using Patient Portal Messages on Well Child Care Visit Completion. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(11):e2242853. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.42853","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2114_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carini E, Villani L, Pezzullo A, et al. The Impact of Digital Patient Portals on Health Outcomes, System Efficiency, and Patient Attitudes: Updated Systematic Literature Review J Med Internet Res 2021;23(9):e26189. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23:26189.","DOI":"10.2196\/26189"},{"key":"2114_CR13","unstructured":"Rasmussen D, Gallagher K, Goldsmith A, Lindemann P, Barkley E. Shorter Hospital Stays Associated with Patient Portal Use. Epic Research. Published November 17, 2021. Accessed December 12, 2023. https:\/\/epicresearch.org\/articles\/shorter-hospital-stays-associated-with-patient-portal-use"},{"issue":"2","key":"2114_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2020\/14180","volume":"44","author":"C Bao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bao C, Bardhan IR, Singh H, Meyer BA, Kirksey K. Patient\u2013Provider Engagement and its Impact on Health Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study of Patient Portal Use. MIS Q. 2020;44(2):699\u2013723. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25300\/MISQ\/2020\/14180","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"2114_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.8873","volume":"6","author":"MS Marcolino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marcolino MS, Oliveira JAQ, D\u2019Agostino M, Ribeiro AL, Alkmim MBM, Novillo-Ortiz D. The Impact of mHealth Interventions: Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews. JMIR MHealth UHealth. 2018;6(1):e23. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/mhealth.8873","journal-title":"JMIR MHealth UHealth"},{"key":"2114_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocv126","volume":"23","author":"C Lyles","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lyles C, Sakar U, Schillinger D, et al. Refilling medications through an online patient portal: consistent improvements in adherence across racial\/ethnic groups. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2016;23:28\u201333.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"2114_CR17","first-page":"194","volume":"52","author":"U Sarkar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sarkar U, Lyles C, Parker M, Allen J, Nguyen R, Moffet H. Use of the refill function through an online patient portal is associated with improved adherence to statins in an integrated health system. MedCare. 2014;52:194\u2013201.","journal-title":"MedCare"},{"key":"2114_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2013.10.005","volume":"38","author":"M Lau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lau M, Campbell H, Tang T, Thompson D, Elliott T. Impact of patient use of an online patient portal on diabetes outcomes. Can J Diabetes. 2014;38:17\u201321.","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"2114_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.21037\/mhealth-22-43","volume":"9","author":"LR DeCamp","year":"2023","unstructured":"DeCamp LR, Williams L, Palmer C, Gorman C, Olson C, Thompson DA. Mixed methods evaluation of pediatric telehealth equity for patients\/families who communicate in languages other than English. mHealth. 2023;9:24. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/mhealth-22-43","journal-title":"mHealth"},{"issue":"1","key":"2114_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47566","DOI":"10.2196\/47566","volume":"25","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Y, Kruahong S, Elias S, et al. Racial Disparities in Shared Decision-Making and the Use of mHealth Technology Among Adults With Hypertension in the 2017\u20132020 Health Information National Trends Survey: Cross-Sectional Study in the United States. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25(1):e47566. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/47566","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2114_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocac227","volume":"30","author":"C Richwine","year":"2023","unstructured":"Richwine C, Johnson C, Patel V. Disparities in patient portal access and the role of providers in encouraging access and use. J Am Med Inform Assoc JAMIA. 2023;30(2):308\u2013317. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocac227","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc JAMIA"},{"issue":"4","key":"2114_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ooac104","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooac104","volume":"5","author":"A Nishii","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nishii A, Campos-Castillo C, Anthony D. Disparities in patient portal access by US adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMIA Open. 2022;5(4):ooac104. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooac104","journal-title":"JAMIA Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"2114_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18870","DOI":"10.2196\/18870","volume":"22","author":"K Turner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Turner K, Clary A, Hong YR, Alishahi Tabriz A, Shea CM. Patient Portal Barriers and Group Differences: Cross-Sectional National Survey Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(9):e18870. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/18870","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2114_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1089\/pop.2021.0055","volume":"24","author":"CO Ojinnaka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ojinnaka CO, Adepoju OE. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Information Technology Use and Associated Trends among Individuals Living with Chronic Diseases. Popul Health Manag. 2021;24(6):675\u2013680. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/pop.2021.0055","journal-title":"Popul Health Manag"},{"key":"2114_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-018-0487-9","volume":"5","author":"A Casillas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Casillas A, Moreno G, Grotts J, Tseng CH, Morales L. Digital Language Divide? The Relationship between Internet Medication Refills and Medication Adherence among Limited English Proficient (LEP) Patients. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2018;5:1373\u20131380.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"issue":"4","key":"2114_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2021.0182","volume":"32","author":"A Casillas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Casillas A, Abhat A, Vassar SD, et al. Not Speaking the Same Language\u2014Lower Portal Use for Limited English Proficient Patients in the Los Angeles Safety Net. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2021;32(4):2055\u20132070. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hpu.2021.0182","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"2114_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocz023","volume":"26","author":"LV Grossman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grossman LV, Masterson Creber RM, Benda NC, Wright D, Vawdrey DK, Ancker JS. Interventions to increase patient portal use in vulnerable populations: a systematic review. J Am Med Inform Assoc JAMIA. 2019;26(8\u20139):855\u2013870. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocz023","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc JAMIA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2114_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gny138","volume":"59","author":"UA Mitchell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mitchell UA, Chebli PG, Ruggiero L, Muramatsu N. The Digital Divide in Health-Related Technology Use: The Significance of Race\/Ethnicity. The Gerontologist. 2019;59(1):6\u201314. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/gny138","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"issue":"12","key":"2114_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.05117","volume":"37","author":"DL Anthony","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anthony DL, Campos-Castillo C, Lim PS. Who Isn\u2019t Using Patient Portals And Why? Evidence And Implications From A National Sample Of US Adults. Health Aff (Millwood). 2018;37(12):1948\u20131954. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.05117","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2114_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464818770772","volume":"39","author":"H Yoon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoon H, Jang Y, Vaughan PW, Garcia M. Older Adults\u2019 Internet Use for Health Information: Digital Divide by Race\/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status. J Appl Gerontol. 2020;39(1):105\u2013110. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0733464818770772","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2114_CR31","first-page":"539","volume":"22","author":"JS Ancker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ancker JS, Hafeez B, Kaushal R. Socioeconomic disparities in adoption of personal health records over time. Am J Manag Care. 2016;22(8):539\u2013540.","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2114_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5105","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5105","volume":"18","author":"NP Gordon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gordon NP, Hornbrook MC. Differences in Access to and Preferences for Using Patient Portals and Other eHealth Technologies Based on Race, Ethnicity, and Age: A Database and Survey Study of Seniors in a Large Health Plan. J Med Internet Res. 2016;18(3):e5105. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.5105","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2114_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1728-3","volume":"26","author":"MS Goel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goel MS, Brown TL, Williams A, Hasnain-Wynia R, Thompson JA, Baker DW. Disparities in Enrollment and Use of an Electronic Patient Portal. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(10):1112\u20131116. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-011-1728-3","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2114_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.34","volume":"171","author":"CK Yamin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yamin CK, Emani S, Williams DH, et al. The Digital Divide in Adoption and Use of a Personal Health Record. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(6):568\u2013574. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.34","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2114_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1749-y","volume":"26","author":"JS Ancker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ancker JS, Barr\u00f3n Y, Rockoff ML, et al. Use of an electronic patient portal among disadvantaged populations. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(10):1117\u20131123. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-011-1749-y","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2114_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11590","volume":"5","author":"J Buie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buie J, McMillan E, Kirby J, et al. Disparities in Lupus and the Role of Social Determinants of Health: Current State of Knowledge and Directions for Future Research. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2023;5(9):454\u2013464. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr2.11590","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2114_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2023.05.004","volume":"52","author":"LY Maldonado","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maldonado LY, Bosques L, Cromer SJ, Azar SS, Yu EW, Burnett-Bowie SAM. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Metabolic Bone Disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2023;52(4):629\u2013641. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2023.05.004","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"2114_CR38","unstructured":"Hill L, Ndugga N, Published SA. Key Data on Health and Health Care by Race and Ethnicity. KFF. Published March 15, 2023. Accessed December 10, 2023. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/racial-equity-and-health-policy\/report\/key-data-on-health-and-health-care-by-race-and-ethnicity\/"},{"key":"2114_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Montalmant KE, Ettinger AK. The Racial Disparities in Maternal Mortality and Impact of Structural Racism and Implicit Racial Bias on Pregnant Black Women: A Review of the Literature. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. Published online November 13, 2023. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-023-01816-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-023-01816-x"},{"issue":"8","key":"2114_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2022.2142344","volume":"27","author":"AM Farcas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Farcas AM, Joiner AP, Rudman JS, et al. Disparities in Emergency Medical Services Care Delivery in the United States: A Scoping Review. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2023;27(8):1058\u20131071. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10903127.2022.2142344","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"10077","key":"2114_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","volume":"389","author":"ZD Bailey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bailey ZD, Krieger N, Ag\u00e9nor M, Graves J, Linos N, Bassett MT. Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. The Lancet. 2017;389(10077):1453\u20131463. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2114_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2016.10.001","volume":"44","author":"SM Wheeler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wheeler SM, Bryant AS. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health and Health Care. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2017;44(1):1\u201311. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ogc.2016.10.001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"2114_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-016-0315-z","volume":"4","author":"RP Doshi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Doshi RP, Aseltine RH, Sabina AB, Graham GN. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Preventable Hospitalizations for Chronic Disease: Prevalence and Risk Factors. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2017;4(6):1100\u20131106. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-016-0315-z","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"issue":"1","key":"2114_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112305","volume":"41","author":"JC Phelan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Phelan JC, Link BG. Is Racism a Fundamental Cause of Inequalities in Health? Annu Rev Sociol. 2015;41(1):311\u2013330. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112305","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2114_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146512455804","volume":"53","author":"DR Williams","year":"2012","unstructured":"Williams DR. Miles to Go Before We Sleep: Racial Inequities in Health. J Health Soc Behav. 2012;53(3):279\u2013295. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022146512455804","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"2114_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05339.x","volume":"1186","author":"DR Williams","year":"2010","unstructured":"Williams DR, Mohammed SA, Leavell J, Collins C. Race, socioeconomic status, and health: complexities, ongoing challenges, and research opportunities. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1186:69\u2013101. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05339.x","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"7696","key":"2114_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)92410-X","volume":"297","author":"J Tudor Hart","year":"1971","unstructured":"Tudor Hart J. THE INVERSE CARE LAW. The Lancet. 1971;297(7696):405\u2013412. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)92410-X","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2114_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.2202\/1538-0645.1395","volume":"4","author":"D Goldman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Goldman D, Lakdawalla D. A Theory of Health Disparities and Medical Technology. Contrib Econ Anal Policy. 2005;4:1395\u20131395. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2202\/1538-0645.1395","journal-title":"Contrib Econ Anal Policy"},{"issue":"8","key":"2114_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocy052","volume":"25","author":"TC Veinot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Veinot TC, Mitchell H, Ancker JS. Good intentions are not enough: how informatics interventions can worsen inequality. J Am Med Inform Assoc JAMIA. 2018;25(8):1080\u20131088. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocy052","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc JAMIA"},{"issue":"9","key":"2114_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-021-01274-4","volume":"23","author":"SA Saeed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saeed SA, Masters RM. Disparities in Health Care and the Digital Divide. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2021;23(9):61. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-021-01274-4","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2114_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.0011","volume":"36","author":"MC Arcaya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arcaya MC, Figueroa JF. Emerging Trends Could Exacerbate Health Inequities In The United States. Health Aff (Millwood). 2017;36(6):992\u2013998. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.0011","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2114_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocx015","volume":"24","author":"SL Ackerman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ackerman SL, Sarkar U, Tieu L, et al. Meaningful use in the safety net: a rapid ethnography of patient portal implementation at five community health centers in California. J Am Med Inform Assoc JAMIA. 2017;24(5):903\u2013912. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocx015","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc JAMIA"},{"key":"2114_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Riggins F, Dewan S. The Digital Divide: Current and Future Research Directions. J Assoc Inf Syst. 2005;6(12). doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17705\/1jais.00074","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00074"},{"issue":"5","key":"2114_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocad015","volume":"30","author":"JA Rodriguez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodriguez JA, Charles JP, Bates DW, Lyles C, Southworth B, Samal L. Digital healthcare equity in primary care: implementing an integrated digital health navigator. J Am Med Inform Assoc JAMIA. 2023;30(5):965\u2013970. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocad015","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc JAMIA"},{"key":"2114_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42586","DOI":"10.2196\/42586","volume":"25","author":"MG Antonio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Antonio MG, Williamson A, Kameswaran V, et al. Targeting Patients\u2019 Cognitive Load for Telehealth Video Visits Through Student-Delivered Helping Sessions at a United States Federally Qualified Health Center: Equity-Focused, Mixed Methods Pilot Intervention Study. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e42586. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/42586","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2114_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2019.02.180263","volume":"32","author":"CR Lyles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lyles CR, Tieu L, Sarkar U, et al. A Randomized Trial to Train Vulnerable Primary Care Patients to Use a Patient Portal. J Am Board Fam Med JABFM. 2019;32(2):248\u2013258. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3122\/jabfm.2019.02.180263","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med JABFM"},{"issue":"1","key":"2114_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-071521-023913","volume":"44","author":"CR Lyles","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lyles CR, Nguyen OK, Khoong EC, Aguilera A, Sarkar U. Multilevel Determinants of Digital Health Equity: A Literature Synthesis to Advance the Field. Annu Rev Public Health. 2023;44(1):383\u2013405. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-071521-023913","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"2114_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2330483-e23304","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.30483","volume":"6","author":"BA Sisk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sisk BA, Antes AL, Bereitschaft C, et al. Engaging Adolescents in Using Online Patient Portals. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(8):e2330483-e2330483. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.30483","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2114_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan-McGrory A, Lee H. Schwamm MD, Christopher Kirwan P, Joseph R. Betancourt MD, Esteban A. Barreto P. Addressing Virtual Care Disparities for Patients With Limited English Proficiency. 2022;28. Accessed December 12, 2023. https:\/\/www.ajmc.com\/view\/addressing-virtual-care-disparities-for-patients-with-limited-english-proficiency","DOI":"10.37765\/ajmc.2022.88814"},{"issue":"3_MeetingAbstra","key":"2114_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.147.3MA7.675","volume":"147","author":"S Craig","year":"2021","unstructured":"Craig S, Madu CR, Ortiz P, Dalembert G. Partnering health equity and clinical informatics to close the gaps in multilingual telehealth access. Pediatrics. 2021;147(3_MeetingAbstract):675\u2013676. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.147.3MA7.675","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3_MeetingAbstra","key":"2114_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.147.3MA7.674","volume":"147","author":"S Craig","year":"2021","unstructured":"Craig S, Madu CR, Dalembert G. Never let a pandemic go to waste: applying an equity-focused quality improvement framework to close gaps in patient portal activation. Pediatrics. 2021;147(3_MeetingAbstract):674\u2013675. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.147.3MA7.674","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2114_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlpt.2016.11.004","volume":"6","author":"JS Ancker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ancker JS, Nosal S, Hauser D, Way C, Calman N. Access policy and the digital divide in patient access to medical records. Health Policy Technol. 2017;6(1):3\u201311. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hlpt.2016.11.004","journal-title":"Health Policy Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2114_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ooad077","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooad077","volume":"6","author":"KT Gleason","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gleason KT, Powell DS, Wec A, et al. Patient portal interventions: a scoping review of functionality, automation used, and therapeutic elements of patient portal interventions. JAMIA Open. 2023;6(3):ooad077. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooad077","journal-title":"JAMIA Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"2114_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2441","volume":"17","author":"N Yagoda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yagoda N. Addressing Health Disparities Through Voter Engagement. Ann Fam Med. 2019;17(5):459\u2013461. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1370\/afm.2441","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"2114_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGhee E, Romero M. Effects of Automatic Voter Registration in the United States. Univ South Calif Claifornia Civ Engagem Proj. Published online 2020.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3933442"},{"key":"2114_CR66","unstructured":"Root D, Kennedy L. Increasing Voter Participation in America: Policies to Drive Participation and Make Voting More Convenient. Published online July 11, 2018."},{"key":"2114_CR67","unstructured":"Griffin R, Gronke P, Wang T, Kennedy L. Who Votes with Automatic Voter Registration. Published online June 7, 2017."},{"key":"2114_CR68","unstructured":"Grumbach J, Hill C. Automatic Voter Registration Boosts Turnout Among Young and Low Income People. Data For Progress. Published July 11, 2019. Accessed August 29, 2023. https:\/\/www.dataforprogress.org\/blog\/2019\/7\/11\/automatic-voter-registration-boosts-turnout-among-young-and-low-income-people"},{"key":"2114_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madrian B, Shea D. The Power of Suggestion: Inertia in 401(k) Participation and Savings Behavior. Published online 2001.","DOI":"10.3386\/w7682"},{"issue":"11","key":"2114_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2013.838643","volume":"56","author":"RJ Holden","year":"2013","unstructured":"Holden RJ, Carayon P, Gurses AP, et al. SEIPS 2.0: a human factors framework for studying and improving the work of healthcare professionals and patients. Ergonomics. 2013;56(11):1669\u20131686. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140139.2013.838643","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"2114_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nouri S, Khoong EC, Lyles CR, Karliner L. Addressing Equity in Telemedicine for Chronic Disease Management During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Catal Non-Issue Content. 2020;1(3). doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/CAT.20.0123","DOI":"10.1056\/CAT.20.0123"},{"key":"2114_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stern RJ, Rafferty HF, Robert AC, et al. Concentrating Vaccines in Neighborhoods with High Covid-19 Burden. Catal Non-Issue Content. 2021;2(2). doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/CAT.21.0056","DOI":"10.1056\/CAT.21.0056"},{"issue":"6","key":"2114_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-022-01381-1","volume":"24","author":"KHV Lau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lau KHV, Anand P, Ramirez A, Phicil S. Disparities in Telehealth use During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Immigr Minor Health. 2022;24(6):1590\u20131593. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-022-01381-1","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"2114_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.OA.21.00116","author":"RA Ruberto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruberto RA, Schweppe EA, Ahmed R, et al. Disparities in Telemedicine Utilization During COVID-19 Pandemic: Analysis of Demographic Data from a Large Academic Orthopaedic Practice. JB JS Open Access. 2022;7(2):e21.00116. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.OA.21.00116"},{"key":"2114_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bogulski CA, Andersen JA, Eswaran S, Willis DE, Edem D, McElfish PA. Factors Associated with Online Patient Portal Utilization Experience in an Arkansas Phone Survey. Telemed J E-Health Off J Am Telemed Assoc. Published online November 27, 2023. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/tmj.2023.0490","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2023.0490"},{"key":"2114_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215013272098061","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132720980612","volume":"11","author":"MA Hincapi\u00e9","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hincapi\u00e9 MA, Gallego JC, Gempeler A, Pi\u00f1eros JA, Nasner D, Escobar MF. Implementation and Usefulness of Telemedicine During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review. J Prim Care Community Health. 2020;11:2150132720980612. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2150132720980612","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"key":"2114_CR77","unstructured":"Pylypchuk Y, Barker W. Use of Telemedicine among Office-Based Physicians, 2021. 2023;(65)."},{"key":"2114_CR78","unstructured":"Johnson C, Richwine C, Patel V. Individuals\u2019 Access and Use of Patient Portals and Smartphone Health Apps, 2020. 2021;(57)."},{"key":"2114_CR79","unstructured":"Strawley C, Richwine C. Individuals\u2019 Access and Use of Patient Portals and Smartphone Health Apps, 2022. 2023;(69)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2114_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/17538157.2022.2070069","volume":"48","author":"S Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh S, Polavarapu M, Arsene C. Changes in patient portal adoption due to the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic. Inform Health Soc Care. 2023;48(2):125\u2013138. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17538157.2022.2070069","journal-title":"Inform Health Soc Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"2114_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35828","DOI":"10.2196\/35828","volume":"24","author":"B Zeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeng B, Rivadeneira NA, Wen A, Sarkar U, Khoong EC. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Internet Use and the Use of Digital Health Tools: Secondary Analysis of the 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24(9):e35828. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/35828","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2114_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Robinson L, Schulz J, Khilnani A, et al. Digital inequalities in time of pandemic: COVID-19 exposure risk profiles and new forms of vulnerability. First Monday. Published online June 20, 2020. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5210\/fm.v25i7.10845","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v25i7.10845"},{"key":"2114_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44981","DOI":"10.2196\/44981","volume":"25","author":"F Mai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mai F, Ko DG, Shan Z, Zhang D. The Impact of Accelerated Digitization on Patient Portal Use by Underprivileged Racial Minority Groups During COVID-19: Longitudinal Study. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e44981. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/44981","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2114_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.2010.006015","volume":"18","author":"U Sarkar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sarkar U, Karter AJ, Liu JY, et al. Social disparities in internet patient portal use in diabetes: evidence that the digital divide extends beyond access. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2011;18(3):318\u2013321. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jamia.2010.006015","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2114_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2016.05.160046","volume":"29","author":"LS Wallace","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wallace LS, Angier H, Huguet N, et al. Patterns of Electronic Portal Use among Vulnerable Patients in a Nationwide Practice-based Research Network: From the OCHIN Practice-based Research Network (PBRN). J Am Board Fam Med. 2016;29(5):592\u2013603. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3122\/jabfm.2016.05.160046","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"key":"2114_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-023-02252-x","volume":"23","author":"N El Yaman","year":"2023","unstructured":"El Yaman N, Zeitoun J, Diab R, et al. Utilization of patient portals: a cross-sectional study investigating associations with mobile app quality. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2023;23:177. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-023-02252-x","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"issue":"1","key":"2114_CR87","first-page":"e1-e8","volume":"24","author":"E Chang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chang E, Blondon K, Lyles CR, Jordan L, Ralston JD. Racial\/ethnic variation in devices used to access patient portals. Am J Manag Care. 2018;24(1):e1-e8.","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"2114_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-3940477","volume":"42","author":"R Ray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ray R, Sewell AA, Gilbert KL, Roberts JD. Missed Opportunity? Leveraging Mobile Technology to Reduce Racial Health Disparities. J Health Polit Policy Law. 2017;42(5):901\u2013924. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/03616878-3940477","journal-title":"J Health Polit Policy Law"},{"issue":"3","key":"2114_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjdsi.2016.08.004","volume":"5","author":"JL Baldwin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baldwin JL, Singh H, Sittig DF, Giardina TD. Patient portals and health apps: Pitfalls, promises, and what one might learn from the other. Healthc Amst Neth. 2017;5(3):81\u201385. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hjdsi.2016.08.004","journal-title":"Healthc Amst Neth"},{"key":"2114_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2017.05.033","volume":"82","author":"B Bartikowski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bartikowski B, Laroche M, Jamal A, Yang Z. The type-of-internet-access digital divide and the well-being of ethnic minority and majority consumers: A multi-country investigation. J Bus Res. 2018;82:373\u2013380. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2017.05.033","journal-title":"J Bus Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2114_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2095","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2095","volume":"14","author":"E Montague","year":"2012","unstructured":"Montague E, Perchonok J. Health and Wellness Technology Use by Historically Underserved Health Consumers: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2012;14(3):e2095. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.2095","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-024-02114-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10916-024-02114-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-024-02114-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T07:31:10Z","timestamp":1736839870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10916-024-02114-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-024-02114-7","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"uri","id":"","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1573-689X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-689X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"94"}}