{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T21:18:08Z","timestamp":1774732688115,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Syst"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-025-02231-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T02:59:02Z","timestamp":1752721142000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Why Clinical Trials Will Fail to Ensure Safe AI"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"David P. W.","family":"Rastall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2231_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koenecke A, Choi ASG, Mei KX, et al (2024) Careless Whisper: Speech-to-Text Hallucination Harms. In: Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, pp 1672\u20131681","DOI":"10.1145\/3630106.3658996"},{"key":"2231_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2024-101102","author":"CR Blease","year":"2024","unstructured":"Blease CR, Locher C, Gaab J, et al (2024) Generative artificial intelligence in primary care: an online survey of UK general practitioners. BMJ Health Care Inform 31:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjhci-2024-101102","journal-title":"BMJ Health Care Inform"},{"key":"2231_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaf065","author":"EG Poon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Poon EG, Lemak CH, Rojas JC, et al (2025) Adoption of artificial intelligence in healthcare: survey of health system priorities, successes, and challenges. J Am Med Inform Assoc ocaf065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocaf065","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform"},{"key":"2231_CR4","unstructured":"IBM Watson, heal thyself: How IBM overpromised and underdelivered on AI health care| IEEE Journals & Magazine| IEEE Xplore. https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/8678513. Accessed 19 Dec 2023"},{"key":"2231_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.2626","volume":"181","author":"A Wong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wong A, Otles E, Donnelly JP, et al (2021) External Validation of a Widely Implemented Proprietary Sepsis Prediction Model in Hospitalized Patients. JAMA Intern Med 181:1065\u20131070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.2626","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2231_CR6","unstructured":"Commissioner O of the (2024) FDA Releases Artificial Intelligence\/Machine Learning Action Plan. In: FDA. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-releases-artificial-intelligencemachine-learning-action-plan. Accessed 11 Feb 2025"},{"key":"2231_CR7","unstructured":"Greenblatt R, Denison C, Wright B, et al (2024) Alignment faking in large language models"},{"key":"2231_CR8","unstructured":"Balesni M, Hobbhahn M, Lindner D, et al (2024) Towards evaluations-based safety cases for AI scheming"},{"key":"2231_CR9","unstructured":"OpenAI, Hurst A, Lerer A, et al (2024) GPT\u20134o System Card"},{"key":"2231_CR10","unstructured":"Meinke A, Schoen B, Scheurer J, et al Frontier Models are Capable of In-context Scheming"},{"key":"2231_CR11","unstructured":"Wei J, Tay Y, Bommasani R, et al (2022) Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models"},{"key":"2231_CR12","unstructured":"FDA Finalizes Guidance on Medical Device Manufacturer Cybersecurity Responsibilities| Insights| Ropes & Gray LLP. https:\/\/www.ropesgray.com\/en\/insights\/alerts\/2023\/10\/fda-finalizes-guidance-on-medical-device-manufacturer-cybersecurity-responsibilities. Accessed 10 Mar 2025"},{"key":"2231_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-023-01925-4","volume":"47","author":"M Cascella","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cascella M, Montomoli J, Bellini V, Bignami E (2023) Evaluating the Feasibility of ChatGPT in Healthcare: An Analysis of Multiple Clinical and Research Scenarios. J Med Syst 47:33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-023-01925-4","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"key":"2231_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-021-01790-z","volume":"46","author":"E Crigger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Crigger E, Reinbold K, Hanson C, et al (2022) Trustworthy Augmented Intelligence in Health Care. J Med Syst 46:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-021-01790-z","journal-title":"J Med Syst"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-025-02231-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10916-025-02231-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-025-02231-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T02:59:05Z","timestamp":1752721145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10916-025-02231-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-025-02231-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-689X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-689X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"98"}}