{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T07:19:40Z","timestamp":1761808780210,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006704","name":"University of Ostrava","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Syst"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Digital Behaviour Change Interventions (DBCIs) aim at improving individual health by engaging various means of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), including mobile apps and wearables. Participant intervention fatigue may happen when DBCIs become too frequent, repetitive, demanding, or lack perceived relevance, and this may result in participants\u2019 reduced motivation and adherence over time. Advancing technology-supported engagement mechanisms is therefore of utmost importance. To address this problem, we present a reference and solution architecture based on open-source technologies and open Application Programming Interfaces (Open APIs). First, we integrated a Large Language Model (LLM) component into the DBCI design. Second, to support context-awareness, we enhanced this integration by adding a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) element. Our pilot implemented AI4Motion platform targets both personalization and contextualization aspects of DBCIs. Our work contributes to the emerging discussion on LLM\/GIS-related system design patterns for digital platforms supporting Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), Experience Sampling Method (ESM), and Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions (JITAIs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-025-02269-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T07:10:55Z","timestamp":1761808255000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reference and Solution Architecture for GenAI- and GIS-Enhanced Physical Activity Interventions: Towards Implementing the AI4Motion Platform"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5963-5145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Dole\u017eel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5551-3714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radim","family":"L\u00edskovec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2269_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibz109","volume":"10","author":"M Sucala","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sucala M, Ezeanochie NP, Cole-Lewis H, Turgiss J (2020) An iterative, interdisciplinary, collaborative framework for developing and evaluating digital behavior change interventions. Transl Behav Med 10:1538\u20131548.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tbm\/ibz109","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med"},{"key":"2269_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-024-00526-x","volume":"48","author":"D Arigo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Arigo D, Jake-Schoffman DE, Pagoto SL (2025) The recent history and near future of digital health in the field of behavioral medicine: an update on progress from 2019 to 2024. J Behav Med 48:120\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10865-024-00526-x","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"2269_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1037\/spy0000360","volume":"14","author":"A Willms","year":"2025","unstructured":"Willms A, Rush J, Hofer S et al (2025) Advancing physical activity research methods using real-time and adaptive technology: A scoping review of \u201cno-code\u201d mobile health app research tools. Sport Exerc Perform Psychol 14:250\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/spy0000360","journal-title":"Sport Exerc Perform Psychol"},{"key":"2269_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meywirth S (2024) Designing a Large Language Model-Based Coaching Intervention for Lifestyle Behavior Change. In: International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST). pp 81\u201394.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-61175-9_6"},{"key":"2269_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40898","DOI":"10.2196\/40898","volume":"11","author":"A Schwarz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schwarz A, Winkens LHH, de Vet E, et al. (2023) Design Features Associated With Engagement in Mobile Health Physical Activity Interventions Among Youth: Systematic Review of Qualitative and Quantitative Studies. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 11:e40898.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/40898","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"2269_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stade EC, Stirman SW, Ungar LH, et al. (2024) Large language models could change the future of behavioral healthcare: a proposal for responsible development and evaluation. npj Mental Health Research 3:.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44184-024-00056-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s44184-024-00056-z"},{"key":"2269_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibad065","volume":"14","author":"BV Barber","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barber BV, Kephart G, Martin-Misener R, et al. (2024) Integrating health geography and behavioral economic principles to strengthen context-specific behavior change interventions. Transl Behav Med 14:257\u2013272.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tbm\/ibad065","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med"},{"key":"2269_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tobin K, Heidari O, Volpi C, et al. (2023) Use of geofencing interventions in population health research: a scoping review. BMJ Open 13:.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069374","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069374"},{"key":"2269_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen B, Dethlefs N (2025) ProactiMate: Evaluating LLM-Based Chatbots for Behavior Change Interventions. To appear in Computational Intelligence.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22541\/au.174807396.68998051\/v1","DOI":"10.22541\/au.174807396.68998051\/v1"},{"key":"2269_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51426","DOI":"10.2196\/51426","volume":"10","author":"A Willms","year":"2024","unstructured":"Willms A, Liu S (2024) Exploring the Feasibility of Using ChatGPT to Create Just-in-Time Adaptive Physical Activity mHealth Intervention Content: Case Study. JMIR Med Educ 10:e51426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/51426","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"key":"2269_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hegde N, Vardhan M, Nathani D, et al. (2024) Infusing behavior science into large language models for activity coaching. PLOS Digital Health 3:.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000431","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000431"},{"key":"2269_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haag D, Kumar D, Gruber S, et al. (2025) The Last JITAI? Exploring Large Language Models for Issuing Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions: Fostering Physical Activity in a Prospective Cardiac Rehabilitation Setting. In: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI). pp 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713307"},{"key":"2269_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muro\u0148 M, Da\u0159ena F, Proch\u00e1zka D, Kern R (2025) Automatically generated place descriptions for accurate location identification: a hybrid approach with rule-based methods and LLM. Spat Cogn Comput .https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13875868.2025.2449859","DOI":"10.1080\/13875868.2025.2449859"},{"key":"2269_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocae045","volume":"31","author":"C Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu C, Lin W, Zhang X et al (2024) PMC-LLaMA:Toward building open-source language models for medicine. 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PLoS One 20:.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0318772","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318772"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-025-02269-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10916-025-02269-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-025-02269-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T07:10:58Z","timestamp":1761808258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10916-025-02269-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-025-02269-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-689X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-689X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this design study was not sought, as, at this stage, it did not include\u00a0human research subjects. Proof-of-concept user testing was conducted by the DigiWELL\u00a0research team under the author\u2019s guidance.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical considerations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical Trial Number"}}],"article-number":"150"}}