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The widespread use of NPE as a lingua franca, spoken by over 75\u00a0million people in Africa, improves interaction and communication within communities across Nigeria. Key search terms were translated into NPE and incorporated into EPIWATCH\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    for surveillance. Using publicly available outbreak reports collected by EPIWATCH\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    from Nigeria between 2018 and 2023, we conducted a descriptive analysis to compare outbreak detection patterns before and after the integration of NPE into the system. We observed a 315% increase in EPIWATCH\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    outbreak reports in March 2024 compared to the March median across 2018 to 2023, following NPE language integration. This study demonstrates the potential of leveraging technology and linguistic diversity to improve disease surveillance using open source intelligence (OSINT) and response efforts in Nigeria. Findings should be interpreted in light of the short prospective time frame, scope, contextual factors, and public source constraints, which may limit generalisability and nuance in assessing the impact of NPE integration.\u00a0\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-026-02340-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T01:27:08Z","timestamp":1770946028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Detection and Surveillance of Infectious Disease Outbreaks in Nigeria\u00a0"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Omolara","family":"Kolawole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Quigley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abrar A.","family":"Chughtai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chandini R.","family":"MacIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2340_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.7861\/CLINMEDICINE.19-2-140","volume":"19","author":"CF Houlihan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Houlihan CF, Whitworth JAG. 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Cited: in:: PMID: 36412749.","DOI":"10.3390\/idr14060091"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-026-02340-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10916-026-02340-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-026-02340-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T01:27:11Z","timestamp":1770946031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10916-026-02340-1"}},"subtitle":["Integrating Nigerian Pidgin English (NPE) into the EPIWATCH\u00ae Platform"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-026-02340-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-689X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-689X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study is based on a comprehensive data set on infectious diseases in Nigeria over a five-year period. The data set contains information about the types of infectious diseases reported, the number of signals, the locations and dates of the outbreaks reported, and possibly additional demographic or clinical details. In addition, data is available on the integration of NPE into EPIWATCH\n                      \u00ae\n                      , which includes the development and implementation of the language integration as well as any relevant results or impact assessments.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was not required for this study as it did not involve human participants, personal data, or animal subjects. As such, no formal consent to participate was applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical Trial Number"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22"}}