{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:02:39Z","timestamp":1773795759478,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007797","name":"University of Helsinki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Syst"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-026-02358-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T16:43:27Z","timestamp":1773765807000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impact of Healthcare Professionals\u2019 Characteristics on the Evaluation of Clinical Decision Support Systems: Insights from a Cross-Country Usability and Technology Acceptance Study of the iCARE Tool"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Mikko","family":"Nuutinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna-Maria","family":"Hiltunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Riikka-Leena","family":"Leskel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maikki","family":"Messo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Salminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Lahelma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"de Almeida Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Declercq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olena","family":"\u0160vihnosov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Langmaierov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Fialov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Mammarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Liperoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Collin","family":"Exmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hein","family":"van Hout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vanja","family":"Pe\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Stodolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Szczerbi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mor","family":"Alon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ira","family":"Haavisto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2358_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Kawamoto, C. A. Houlihan, E. A. Balas, and D. F. Lobach, \u201cImproving clinical practice using clinical decision support systems: a systematic review of trials to identify features critical to success,\u201d BMJ, vol. 330, no. 7494, p. 765, 2005. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/330\/7494\/765","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38398.500764.8F"},{"key":"2358_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. X. Garg, N. K. J. Adhikari, H. McDonald, M. P. Rosas-Arellano, P. J. Devereaux, J. Beyene, J. Sam, and R. B. Haynes, \u201cEffects of Computerized Clinical Decision Support Systems on Practitioner Performance and Patient Outcomes: A Systematic Review,\u201d JAMA, vol. 293, no. 10, pp. 1223\u20131238, 03 2005. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.293.10.1223","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.10.1223"},{"key":"2358_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Kunhimangalam, S. Ovallath, and P. K. Joseph, \u201cA clinical decision support system with an integrated EMR for diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy,\u201d Journal of Medical Systems, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1\u201314, 2014. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-014-0038-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-014-0038-9"},{"key":"2358_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Kwok, M. Dinh, D. Dinh, and M. Chu, \u201cImproving adherence to asthma clinical guidelines and discharge documentation from emergency departments: Implementation of a dynamic and integrated electronic decision support system,\u201d Emergency Medicine Australasia, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 31\u201337, 2009. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1742-6723.2008.01149.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-6723.2008.01149.x"},{"key":"2358_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P. J. Helmons, B. O. Suijkerbuijk, P. V. Nannan Panday, and J. G. W. Kosterink, \u201cDrug\u2013drug interaction checking assisted by clinical decision support: A return on investment analysis,\u201d Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 764\u2013772, 2015. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocu010","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocu010"},{"key":"2358_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Eslami, N. F. de Keizer, D. A. Dongelmans, E. de Jonge, M. J. Schultz, and A. Abu-Hanna, \u201cEffects of two different levels of computerized decision support on blood glucose regulation in critically ill patients,\u201d International Journal of Medical Informatics, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 53\u201360, 2012. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2011.10.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2011.10.003"},{"key":"2358_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L. G. Armando, G. Miglio, P. de Cosmo, and C. Cena, \u201cClinical decision support systems to improve drug prescription and therapy optimisation in clinical practice: A scoping review,\u201d BMJ Health & Care Informatics, vol. 30, no. 1, p. e100683, 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjhci-2022-100683","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2022-100683"},{"key":"2358_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. M. Wohlgemut, E. Pisirir, R. S. Stoner, Z. B. Perkins, W. Marsh, N. R. Tai, and E. Kyrimi, \u201cA scoping review, novel taxonomy and catalogue of implementation frameworks for clinical decision support systems,\u201d BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 323, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-024-02739-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-024-02739-1"},{"key":"2358_CR9","unstructured":"A. E. Davidson, J. M. Ray, A. K. Patel, Y. S. Levites, P. Rashidi, and A. Bihorac, \u201cAn iterative, user-centered design of a clinical decision support system for critical care assessments: Co-design sessions with icu clinical providers,\u201d arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.08814, 2025. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2503.08814"},{"key":"2358_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B. C. Stagg, B. Tullis, A. Asare, J. D. Stein, F. A. Medeiros, C. Weir, and K. Kawamoto, \u201cSystematic user-centered design of a prototype clinical decision support system for glaucoma,\u201d Ophthalmology Science, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 100279, 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100279"},{"key":"2358_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E. Cuvelier, L. Robert, E. Musy, C. Rousseliere, R. Marcilly, S. Gautier, P. Odou, J.-B. Beuscart, and B. Decaudin, \u201cThe clinical pharmacist\u2019s role in enhancing the relevance of a clinical decision support system,\u201d International Journal of Medical Informatics, vol. 155, p. 104568, 2021. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2021.104568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2021.104568"},{"key":"2358_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Nuutinen and R.-L. Leskela, \u201cSystematic review of the performance evaluation of clinicians with or without the aid of machine learning clinical decision support system,\u201d Health and Technology, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 557\u2013570, 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12553-023-00763-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-023-00763-1"},{"key":"2358_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Q. Q. Zhou, J. Wang, W. Tang, Z. C. Hu, Z. Y. Xia, X. S. Li, R. Zhang, X. Yin, B. Zhang, and H. Zhang, \u201cAutomatic detection and classification of rib fractures on thoracic ct using convolutional neural network: Accuracy and feasibility,\u201d Korean Journal of Radiology, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 869\u2013879, 2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3348\/kjr.2019.0651","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2019.0651"},{"key":"2358_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L. Wu, J. Zhang, W. Zhou, P. An, L. Shen, J. Liu, X. Jiang, X. Huang, G. Mu, X. Wan, X. Lv, J. Gao, N. Cui, S. Hu, Y. Chen, X. Hu, J. Li, D. Chen, D. Gong, X. He, Q. Ding, X. Zhu, S. Li, X. Wei, X. Li, X. Wang, J. Zhou, M. Zhang, and H. G. Yu, \u201cRandomised controlled trial of wisense, a real-time quality improving system for monitoring blind spots during esophagogastroduodenoscopy,\u201d Gut, vol. 68, no. 12, pp. 2161\u20132169, 2019. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317366","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317366"},{"key":"2358_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F. Dhombres, P. Maurice, L. Guilbaud, L. Franchinard, B. Dias, J. Charlet, E. Blondiaux, B. Khoshnood, D. Jurkovic, E. Jauniaux, and J. Jouannic, \u201cA novel intelligent scan assistant system for early pregnancy diagnosis by ultrasound: Clinical decision support system evaluation study,\u201d Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 21, no. 7, p. e14286, 2019. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/14286","DOI":"10.2196\/14286"},{"key":"2358_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Su, Z. Li, X. Shao, C. Ji, R. Ji, R. Zhou, Z. Li, C. Chen, M. Zhang, X. Fan, P. Ji, Q. Zhou, F. Zhou, C. Wang, Z. Ai, M. Chen, and G. Wang, \u201cImpact of a real-time automatic quality control system on colorectal polyp and adenoma detection: A prospective randomized controlled study,\u201d Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 415\u2013424, 2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gie.2019.08.026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2019.08.026"},{"key":"2358_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Kirakowski, M. Corbett, and M. Sumi, \u201cThe software usability measurement inventory,\u201d British Journal of Educational Technology, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 210\u2013212, 1993. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8535.1993.tb00076.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.1993.tb00076.x"},{"key":"2358_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F. D. Davis, \u201cPerceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology,\u201d MIS Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 319\u2013340, 1989. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/249008","DOI":"10.2307\/249008"},{"key":"2358_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"V. Venkatesh, M. G. Morris, G. B. Davis, and F. D. Davis, \u201cUser acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view,\u201d MIS Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 425\u2013478, 2003. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/30036540","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540"},{"key":"2358_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N. Toda, M. Hashimoto, Y. Iwabuchi, M. Nagasaka, R. Takeshita, M. Yamada, Y. Yamada, and M. Jinzaki, \u201cValidation of deep learning-based computer-aided detection software for pulmonary abnormalities on chest radiographs and examination of factors that influence readers\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 performance and final diagnosis,\u201d Japanese Journal of Radiology, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 38\u201344, 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11604-022-01330-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-022-01330-w"},{"key":"2358_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"T. Wataya, M. Yanagawa, M. Tsubamoto, T. Sato, D. Nishigaki, K. Kita, K. Nakajima, J. Tsuchiya, T. Aoki, H. Kataoka, and O. U. R. Team, \u201cRadiologists with and without deep learning-based computer-aided diagnosis: Comparison of performance and interobserver agreement for characterizing and diagnosing pulmonary nodules\/masses,\u201d European Radiology, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 348\u2013359, 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-022-08948-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-08948-4"},{"key":"2358_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Q. Wei, S. Zeng, L. Wang, Y. Yan, T. Wang, J. Xu, X. Luo, X. Chen, X. Liu, X. Wei, and L. Pan, \u201cThe added value of a computer-aided diagnosis system in differential diagnosis of breast lesions by radiologists with different experience,\u201d Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1355\u20131363, 2022. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jum.15816","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15816"},{"key":"2358_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Georgsson and N. Staggers, \u201cQuantifying usability: Evaluation of a diabetes mhealth system on effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction metrics with associated user characteristics,\u201d Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 5\u201311, 2016. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocv099","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocv099"},{"key":"2358_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G. B. Raglan, B. Margolis, R. A. Paulus, and J. Schulkin, \u201cElectronic health record adoption among obstetrician\/gynecologists in the united states: Physician practices and satisfaction,\u201d Journal for Healthcare Quality, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 144\u2013152, 2017. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jhq.12072","DOI":"10.1111\/jhq.12072"},{"key":"2358_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. Varonen, T. Kortteisto, and M. Kaila, \u201cWhat may help or hinder the implementation of computerized decision support systems: A focus group study with physicians,\u201d Family Practice, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 162\u2013167, 2008. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/fampra\/cmn020","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmn020"},{"key":"2358_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F. R. Jeddi, E. Nabovati, R. Bigham, and R. Khajouei, \u201cUsability evaluation of a comprehensive national health information system: Relationship of quality components to users\u2019 characteristics,\u201d International Journal of Medical Informatics, vol. 133, p. 104026, 2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2019.104026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2019.104026"},{"key":"2358_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. L. Decker, E. W. Jamoom, and J. E. Sisk, \u201cPhysicians in nonprimary care and small practices and those age 55 and older lag in adopting electronic health record systems,\u201d Health Affairs, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 1108\u20131114, 2012. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.1121","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.1121"},{"key":"2358_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. M. DesRoches, E. G. Campbell, S. R. Rao, K. Donelan, T. G. Ferris, A. K. Jha, R. Kaushal, D. E. Levy, S. Rosenbaum, A. E. Shields, and D. Blumenthal, \u201cElectronic health records in ambulatory care - a national survey of physicians,\u201d New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 359, no. 1, pp. 50\u201360, 2008. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsa0802005","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0802005"},{"key":"2358_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E. O. Hoogendijk, G. Onder, L. Smalbil, D. L. Vetrano, J. P. Hirdes, E. P. Howard, J. N. Morris, D. Fialova, K. Szczerbinska, E. C. M. Kooijmans, M. Hoogendoorn, A. Declercq, J. De Almeida Mello, R. L. Leskela, J. Hasa, J. Edgren, G. Ruppe, R. Liperoti, K. J. Joling, H. P. J. van Hout, and I-CARE4OLD consortium, \u201cOptimising the care for older persons with complex chronic conditions in home care and nursing homes: Design and protocol of I-CARE4OLD, an observational study using real-world data,\u201d BMJ Open, vol. 13, no. 6, p. e072399, 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-072399","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-072399"},{"key":"2358_CR30","unstructured":"interRAI, \u201cInstruments,\u201d https:\/\/interrai.org\/instruments\/, 2025, accessed 31 Mar. 2025."},{"key":"2358_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Nuutinen, R.-L. Leskel\u00e4, D. Fialova, I. Haavisto, H. Finne-Soveri, J. H\u00e4s\u00e4, J. Edgren, H. van Hout, D. E. da Cunha Leme, J. P. Hirdes et al., \u201cEffect of discontinuing antipsychotic medications on the risk of hospitalization in long-term care: a machine learning-based analysis,\u201d BMC medicine, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 484, 2025.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04304-7"},{"issue":"9","key":"2358_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2023.06.011","volume":"24","author":"JN Morris","year":"2023","unstructured":"J. N. Morris, E. P. Howard, E. Schachter, S. Burney, A. Laytham, D. Fialova, E. O. Hoogendijk, R. Liperoti, H. P. van Hout, and D. L. Vetrano, \u201cCognitive change among nursing home residents: Cogrisk-nh scale development to predict decline,\u201d Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 1405\u20131411, 2023.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Directors Association"},{"issue":"9","key":"2358_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2024.105142","volume":"25","author":"JN Morris","year":"2024","unstructured":"J. N. Morris, E. P. Howard, E. Schachter, V. Pe\u0161ic, A. K. Laytham, and S. N. Burney, \u201cRisk of death among nursing home residents: A cross-national perspective,\u201d Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol. 25, no. 9, p. 105142, 2024.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Directors Association"},{"key":"2358_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A.-M. Hiltunen, I. Haavisto, M. Nuutinen, M. Lahelma, A. Salminen, J. de Almeida Mello, R. Liperoti, E. P. Howard, D. Fialova, K. Szczerbinska, M. Alon, I. Baranska, C. Exmann, A. Declercq, W. Boorsma, G. Onder, H. P. J. van Hout, R.-L. Leskela, and I.-C. Consortium, \u201cProtocol of the pilot study to test and evaluate the iCARE tool: A machine learning-based e-platform tool to make health prognoses and support decision-making for the care of older persons with complex chronic conditions,\u201d BMJ Open, vol. 15, no. 4, p. e101234, 2025. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-101234","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-101234"},{"key":"2358_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. R. Lewis, \u201cIBM computer usability satisfaction questionnaires: Psychometric evaluation and instructions for use,\u201d International Journal of HumanComputer Interaction, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 57\u201378, 1995. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447319509526110","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319509526110"},{"issue":"1","key":"2358_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2011.0066","volume":"18","author":"MP Gagnon","year":"2012","unstructured":"M. P. Gagnon, E. Orru\u00f1o, J. Asua, A. B. Abdeljelil, and J. Emparanza, \u201cUsing a modified technology acceptance model to evaluate healthcare professionals\u2019 adoption of a new telemonitoring system,\u201d Telemedicine and e-Health, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 54\u201359, 2012.","journal-title":"Telemedicine and e-Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2358_CR37","first-page":"189","volume":"33","author":"G Strudwick","year":"2015","unstructured":"G. Strudwick, \u201cPredicting nurses\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 use of healthcare technology using the technology acceptance model: an integrative review,\u201d CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 189\u2013198, 2015.","journal-title":"CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing"},{"issue":"22","key":"2358_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10537","DOI":"10.3390\/app112210537","volume":"11","author":"AA AlQudah","year":"2021","unstructured":"A. A. AlQudah, M. Al-Emran, and K. Shaalan, \u201cTechnology acceptance in healthcare: a systematic review,\u201d Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 22, p. 10537, 2021.","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2358_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-022-01764-2","volume":"22","author":"S Hajesmaeel-Gohari","year":"2022","unstructured":"S. Hajesmaeel-Gohari, F. Khordastan, F. Fatehi, H. Samzadeh, and K. Bahaadinbeigy, \u201cThe most used questionnaires for evaluating satisfaction, usability, acceptance, and quality outcomes of mobile health,\u201d BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 22, 2022.","journal-title":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"},{"key":"2358_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Valizadeh-Haghi, S. Rahmatizadeh, M. M. Forouzanfar, Z. Kohzadi, and F. Fatehi, \u201cUsability evaluation of emergency department information system: A case of discharge and admission sections of an educational hospital.\u201d Frontiers in Health Informatics, vol. 12, 2023.","DOI":"10.30699\/fhi.v12i0.538"},{"issue":"2","key":"2358_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19099","DOI":"10.2196\/19099","volume":"3","author":"B Patel","year":"2020","unstructured":"B. Patel and A. Thind, \u201cUsability of mobile health apps for postoperative care: systematic review,\u201d JMIR Perioperative Medicine, vol. 3, no. 2, p. e19099, 2020.","journal-title":"JMIR Perioperative Medicine"},{"key":"2358_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Holm, \u201cA simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure,\u201d Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 65\u201370, 1979. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/4615733","DOI":"10.2307\/4615733"},{"issue":"3","key":"2358_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555","volume":"16","author":"LJ Cronbach","year":"1951","unstructured":"L. J. Cronbach, \u201cCoefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests,\u201d Psychometrika, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 297\u2013334, 1951.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"2358_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.1.98","volume":"78","author":"JM Cortina","year":"1993","unstructured":"J. M. Cortina, \u201cWhat is coefficient alpha? an examination of theory and applications,\u201d Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 98\u2013104, 1993.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"2358_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. Abdi and L. J. Williams, \u201cPrincipal component analysis,\u201d Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 433\u2013459, 2010. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wics.101","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.101"},{"key":"2358_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. P. Lloyd, \u201cLeast squares quantization in PCM,\u201d IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 129\u2013137, 1982. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIT.1982.1056489","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1982.1056489"},{"key":"2358_CR47","unstructured":"J. MacQueen, \u201cSome methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations,\u201d in Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, vol. 1. University of California Press, 1967, pp. 281\u2013297. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/dl1.icdst.org\/pdfs\/files\/89776553ba539ae6ab958d2fb6b97757.pdf"},{"key":"2358_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. F. Kaiser, \u201cAn index of factorial simplicity,\u201d Psychometrika, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 31\u201336, 1974. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02291575","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291575"},{"key":"2358_CR49","volume-title":"Statistical Methods","author":"GW Snedecor","year":"1989","unstructured":"G. W. Snedecor and W. G. Cochran, Statistical Methods, 8th ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1989.","edition":"8"},{"key":"2358_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P. J. Rousseeuw, \u201cSilhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis,\u201d Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, vol. 20, pp. 53\u201365, 1987. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7"},{"key":"2358_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. P. Fransen, A. M. May, M. D. Stricker, J. M. A. Boer, C. Hennig, Y. Rosseel, M. C. Ocke, P. H. M. Peeters, and J. W. J. Beulens, \u201cA posteriori dietary patterns: How many patterns to retain?\u201d Journal of Nutrition, vol. 144, no. 8, pp. 1274\u20131282, 2014. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/jn.113.188680","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.188680"},{"key":"2358_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. G. Thorpe, C. M. Milte, D. Crawford, and S. A. McNaughton, \u201cA comparison of the dietary patterns derived by principal component analysis and cluster analysis in older australians,\u201d International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 30, 2016. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12966-016-0353-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-016-0353-2"},{"key":"2358_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Sauro and J. R. Lewis, Quantifying the User Experience: Practical Statistics for User Research, 2nd ed. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Morgan Kaufmann \/ Elsevier, 2016. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/books\/quantifying-the-user-experience\/9780128023082","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802308-2.00002-3"},{"key":"2358_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. D. Dziuban and E. C. Shirkey, \u201cWhen is a correlation matrix appropriate for factor analysis? some decision rules,\u201d Psychological Bulletin, vol. 81, no. 6, pp. 358\u2013361, 1974. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0036316","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036316"},{"key":"2358_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Michie and T. Marteau, \u201cNon-response bias in prospective studies of patients and health care professionals,\u201d International Journal of Social Research Methodology, vol. 2, pp. 203\u2013212, 1999. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/136455799295014","DOI":"10.1080\/136455799295014"},{"key":"2358_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Estrela, G. Semedo, F. Roque, P. Lopes Ferreira, and M. T. Herdeiro, \u201cSociodemographic determinants of digital health literacy: A systematic review and meta-analysis,\u201d International Journal of Medical Informatics, vol. 177, p. 105124, 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2023.105124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2023.105124"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-026-02358-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10916-026-02358-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-026-02358-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T21:02:55Z","timestamp":1773781375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10916-026-02358-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-026-02358-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-689X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-689X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approvals of Ethics Committees were granted in each country (except Finland) before the pilot experiment [34]. In Finland, the organizations\u2019 research permits were sufficient to conduct the pilot. In addition, all participants gave their informed consent to participate in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical Trial Number"}}],"article-number":"34"}}