{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:47:35Z","timestamp":1776746855993,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Med Syst"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-026-02381-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:24:13Z","timestamp":1776745453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Generative Artificial Intelligence as a Psychological Intervention: Between Illusion and Risk"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Juan S.","family":"Izquierdo-Condoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Ortiz-Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2381_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-025-10581-7","author":"VC Storey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Storey VC, Yue WT, Zhao JL, Lukyanenko R. Generative Artificial Intelligence: Evolving Technology, Growing Societal Impact, and Opportunities for Information Systems Research. Inf Syst Front 2025; published online Feb 25. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10796-025-10581-7.","journal-title":"Inf Syst Front"},{"key":"2381_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76340","DOI":"10.2196\/76340","volume":"27","author":"JS Izquierdo-Condoy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Izquierdo-Condoy JS, Arias-Intriago M, Tello-De-la-Torre A, Busch F, Ortiz-Prado E. Generative Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education: Enhancing Critical Thinking or Undermining Cognitive Autonomy? J Med Internet Res 2025; 27: e76340.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2381_CR3","unstructured":"Caldwell J, Fisher JHN. Talk, Trust and Trade-Offs: How and Why Teens Use AI Companions. CA Common Sense Media 2025. https:\/\/www.commonsensemedia.org\/research\/talk-trust-and-trade-offs-how-and-why-teens-use-ai-companions"},{"key":"2381_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pri0000292","author":"T Rousmaniere","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rousmaniere T, Zhang Y, Li X, Shah S. Large Language Models as Mental Health Resources: Patterns of Use in the United States. Pract Innov 2025; published online May 2. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pri0000292.","journal-title":"Pract Innov"},{"key":"2381_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60589","DOI":"10.2196\/60589","volume":"11","author":"S Cross","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cross S, Bell I, Nicholas J, et al. Use of AI in Mental Health Care: Community and Mental Health Professionals Survey. JMIR Ment Health 2024; 11: e60589.","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"2381_CR6","unstructured":"Wigmore S. The rise of AI as a source of emotional support Kantar. Kantar Profiles Respond Hub 2025. https:\/\/www.kantar.com\/north-america\/inspiration\/research-services\/ai-for-emotional-support-pf (accessed Oct 27, 2025)."},{"key":"2381_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-24013-8","volume":"15","author":"X Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun X, Jahangir A, Alghamdi AA, Liu F. Use of ai-based mental health tools and psychological well-being among Chinese university students: a parallel mediation model of emotional self-efficacy and perceived autonomy. Sci Rep 2025; 15: 40305.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2381_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2022.8","volume":"65","author":"A Lejeune","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lejeune A, Le Glaz A, Perron P-A, et al. Artificial intelligence and suicide prevention: A systematic review. Eur Psychiatry 2022; 65: e19.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"2381_CR9","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct (2002, amended effective June 1, 2010, and January 1, 2017). 2017. https:\/\/www.apa.org\/ethics\/code\/."},{"key":"2381_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10133","DOI":"10.58344\/locus.v4i10.5066","volume":"4","author":"F Octafiani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Octafiani F, Wibowo OBA, Irwansyah I. Confiding in ChatGPT? Emotional Communication Among Digital Agency Workers with Mobile-AI. J Locus Penelit Dan Pengabdi 2025; 4: 10133\u201346.","journal-title":"J Locus Penelit Dan Pengabdi"},{"key":"2381_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_50_21","volume":"64","author":"A Avasthi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Avasthi A, Grover S, Nischal A. Ethical and Legal Issues in Psychotherapy. Indian J Psychiatry 2022; 64: S47\u201361.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2381_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2514452","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.14452","volume":"8","author":"F Busch","year":"2025","unstructured":"Busch F, Hoffmann L, Xu L, et al. Multinational Attitudes Toward AI in Health Care and Diagnostics Among Hospital Patients. JAMA Netw Open 2025; 8: e2514452.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2381_CR13","first-page":"1311","volume":"8","author":"Z Iftikhar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Iftikhar Z, Xiao A, Ransom S, Huang J, Suresh H. How LLM Counselors Violate Ethical Standards in Mental Health Practice: A Practitioner-Informed Framework. Proc AAAIACM Conf AI Ethics Soc 2025; 8: 1311\u201323.","journal-title":"Proc AAAIACM Conf AI Ethics Soc"},{"key":"2381_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3715275.3732039","author":"J Moore","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moore J, Grabb D, Agnew W, Klyman K, Chancellor S. Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers. 2025 ACM Conf Fairness Account Transpar 2025. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3715275.3732039.","journal-title":"2025 ACM Conf Fairness Account Transpar"},{"key":"2381_CR15","unstructured":"Au Yeung J, Dalmasso J, Foschini L, Richard D, Kraljevic Z. The Psychogenic Machine: Simulating AI Psychosis, Delusion Reinforcement and Harm Enablement in Large Language Models. arxiv 2025. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/html\/2509.10970v2 (accessed Oct 27, 2025)."},{"key":"2381_CR16","unstructured":"Goldman S. OpenAI admits that making AI helpful without being a suck-up is really hard. Fortune 2025. https:\/\/fortune.com\/2025\/05\/01\/openai-reversed-an-update-chatgpt-suck-up-experts-no-easy-fix-for-ai\/ (accessed March 22, 2026)."},{"key":"2381_CR17","unstructured":"OpenAI. Sycophancy in GPT-4o: What happened and what we\u2019re doing about it. OpenAI. https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/sycophancy-in-gpt-4o\/ (accessed March 31, 2026)."},{"key":"2381_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2024.102028","volume":"97","author":"B Solaiman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Solaiman B. Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) and decision-making: Legal & ethical hurdles for implementation in mental health. Int J Law Psychiatry 2024; 97: 102028.","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"2381_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang X, Nor M, Mohamed Yusoff Z, Liang Z. Psychological harm induced by generative AI and its legal remedies. Environ Soc Psychol 2025; 10. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59429\/esp.v10i3.3554.","DOI":"10.59429\/esp.v10i3.3554"},{"key":"2381_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916221134490","volume":"18","author":"AC Timmons","year":"2023","unstructured":"Timmons AC, Duong JB, Simo Fiallo N, et al. A Call to Action on Assessing and Mitigating Bias in Artificial Intelligence Applications for Mental Health. Perspect Psychol Sci J Assoc Psychol Sci 2023; 18: 1062\u201396.","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci J Assoc Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2381_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1912","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1912","volume":"7","author":"KT Kalam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kalam KT, Rahman JM, Islam MdR, Dewan SMR. ChatGPT and mental health: Friends or foes? Health Sci Rep 2024; 7: e1912.","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"2381_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00717-2","volume":"5","author":"F Busch","year":"2025","unstructured":"Busch F, Hoffmann L, Rueger C, et al. Current applications and challenges in large language models for patient care: a systematic review. Commun Med 2025; 5: 26.","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"key":"2381_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dohn\u00e1ny S, Kurth-Nelson Z, Spens E, et al. Technological folie \u00e0 deux: Feedback Loops Between AI Chatbots and Mental Illness. 2025; published online July 28. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2507.19218.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2507.19218"},{"key":"2381_CR24","unstructured":"Rex, Jaswant Singh Chail. Sentencing Remarks of Mr Justice Hilliard Central Criminal Court, 5 October 2023. 2023. https:\/\/www.judiciary.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/R-v-Chail-sentencing-050923.pdf (accessed March 22, 2026)."},{"key":"2381_CR25","unstructured":"Garcia v. Character Technologies, Inc., 6:24-cv-01903 - CourtListener.com. CourtListener. https:\/\/www.courtlistener.com\/docket\/69300919\/garcia-v-character-technologies-inc\/ (accessed March 22, 2026)."},{"key":"2381_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaec8352","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aec8352","volume":"391","author":"M Cheng","year":"2026","unstructured":"Cheng M, Lee C, Khadpe P, Yu S, Han D, Jurafsky D. Sycophantic AI decreases prosocial intentions and promotes dependence. Science 2026; 391: eaec8352.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2381_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67891","DOI":"10.2196\/67891","volume":"27","author":"RK McBain","year":"2025","unstructured":"McBain RK, Cantor JH, Zhang LA, et al. Competency of Large Language Models in Evaluating Appropriate Responses to Suicidal Ideation: Comparative Study. J Med Internet Res 2025; 27: e67891.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2381_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54816","DOI":"10.2196\/54816","volume":"8","author":"D Lawrence-Sidebottom","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lawrence-Sidebottom D, Huffman LG, Beam AB, et al. Using a Digital Mental Health Intervention for Crisis Support and Mental Health Care Among Children and Adolescents With Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors: Retrospective Study. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8: e54816.","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"key":"2381_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73623","DOI":"10.2196\/73623","volume":"12","author":"LO Campbell","year":"2025","unstructured":"Campbell LO, Babb K, Lambie GW, Hayes BG. An Examination of Generative AI Response to Suicide Inquires: Content Analysis. JMIR Ment Health 2025; 12: e73623.","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"2381_CR30","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. Health advisory: Use of generative AI chatbots and wellness applications for mental health. 2025. https:\/\/www.apa.org\/topics\/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning\/health-advisory-chatbots-wellness-apps (accessed March 22, 2026)."},{"key":"2381_CR31","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence generation plan for digital health technologies to help manage symptoms of psychosis and prevent relapse. 2024; published online March 25. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/htg713\/resources\/evidence-generation-plan-for-digital-health-technologies-to-help-manage-symptoms-of-psychosis-and-prevent-relapse-13366758637\/chapter\/5-Implementation-considerations (accessed March 22, 2026)."},{"key":"2381_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.AI.100-1","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)","author":"E Tabassi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tabassi E. Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), 2023."},{"key":"2381_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.800-53r5","author":"Joint Task Force Interagency Working Group","year":"2020","unstructured":"Joint Task Force Interagency Working Group. Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2020 DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6028\/NIST.SP.800-53r5.","journal-title":"National Institute of Standards and Technology"},{"key":"2381_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez E, Huang S, Song F, et al. Red Teaming Language Models with Language Models. In: Goldberg Y, Kozareva Z, Zhang Y, eds. Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2022: 3419\u201348.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.225"},{"key":"2381_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ganguli D, Lovitt L, Kernion J, et al. Red Teaming Language Models to Reduce Harms: Methods, Scaling Behaviors, and Lessons Learned. 2022; published online Nov 22. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2209.07858.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2209.07858"},{"key":"2381_CR36","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. Marketing Submission Recommendations for a Predetermined Change Control Plan for Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Device Software Functions. 2025."},{"key":"2381_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58493","DOI":"10.2196\/58493","volume":"11","author":"T Tavory","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tavory T. Regulating AI in Mental Health: Ethics of Care Perspective. JMIR Ment Health 2024; 11: e58493.","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"2381_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69709","DOI":"10.2196\/69709","volume":"12","author":"T Scholich","year":"2025","unstructured":"Scholich T, Barr M, Wiltsey Stirman S, Raj S. A Comparison of Responses from Human Therapists and Large Language Model-Based Chatbots to Assess Therapeutic Communication: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Ment Health 2025; 12: e69709.","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-026-02381-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10916-026-02381-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10916-026-02381-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:24:17Z","timestamp":1776745457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10916-026-02381-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-026-02381-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-689X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-689X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics and Consent to Participate Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical Trial Number"}}],"article-number":"57"}}