{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:27:31Z","timestamp":1767338851379,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"EVOLVED5G Project","award":["101016608","101016608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016608","101016608"]}]},{"name":"Spanish government","award":["FPU17\/04292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU17\/04292"]}]},{"name":"Spanish government UNICO I+D 5G+TACTILE_1 project","award":["TSI-063000-2021-11","TSI-063000-2021-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSI-063000-2021-11","TSI-063000-2021-11"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009473","name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009473","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Netw Syst Manage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tactile Internet is an Internet network that combines ultra-low latency with extremely high availability and reliability. Since traditional protocols, such as UDP and TCP, cannot support this operation, other transport protocols are required to meet the stringent requirements of the Tactile Internet. This paper evaluates the implementation of the Multi-connection Tactile Internet Protocol (MTIP), a multi-connectivity transport protocol for the Tactile Internet. MTIP uses application and network status information to select network paths intelligently and, in so doing, to improve reliability and latency. The paper studies how different configurations of the MTIP algorithm impact its path selection and the effect on lost and late packets. This evaluation is performed in an emulated environment and in a 4G\/5G lab to evaluate the protocol in diverse scenarios. The results show a direct trade-off between higher reliability requirements and the number of duplicate packets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10922-023-09737-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T07:02:41Z","timestamp":1685602961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Performance Analysis of the Multi-connection Tactile Internet Protocol over 5G"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Delia","family":"Rico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl-Johan","family":"Grinemmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Brunstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Merino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"9737_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2885541","volume":"107","author":"O Holland","year":"2019","unstructured":"Holland, O., et al.: The IEEE 1918.1 \u201cTactile Internet\u2019\u2019 Standards Working Group and its Standards. Proc. IEEE 107(2), 256\u2013279 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2885541","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"9737_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Postel, J.: User datagram protocol. RFC 768 (August 1980). http:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/rfc\/rfc768.txt","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc0768"},{"key":"9737_CR3","unstructured":"Postel, J.: Transmission control protocol. RFC 793 (September 1981). http:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/rfc\/rfc793.txt"},{"key":"9737_CR4","unstructured":"Ping, L., Wenjuan, L., Zengqi, S.: Transport layer protocol reconfiguration for network-based robot control system. In: Proceedings of 2005 IEEE Networking, Sensing and Control, pp. 1049\u20131053 (2005). IEEE"},{"key":"9737_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wirz, R., et al.: Efficient transport protocol for networked haptics applications. In: Haptics: Perception, Devices and Scenarios, pp. 3\u201312. Springer, Berlin  (2008)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69057-3_1"},{"key":"9737_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-007-0104-y","volume":"13","author":"AFM Boukerche","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boukerche, A.F.M., Maamar, H., Hossain, A.: An efficient hybrid multicast transport protocol for collaborative virtual environment with networked haptic. Multimedia Syst. 13, 283\u2013296 (2006)","journal-title":"Multimedia Syst."},{"key":"9737_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cen, A., et al.: Supermedia transport for teleoperations over overlay networks. In: NETWORKING 2005: Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3462, pp. 1409\u20131412 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/11422778_126","DOI":"10.1007\/11422778_126"},{"key":"9737_CR8","unstructured":"Dodeller, S.: Transport layer protocols for haptic virtual environments. PhD thesis, University of Ottawa, Canada (2004)"},{"key":"9737_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192808","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3032726","volume":"8","author":"D Rico","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rico, D., Merino, P.: A survey of end-to-end solutions for reliable low-latency communications in 5G networks. IEEE Access 8, 192808\u2013192834 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3032726","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9737_CR10","unstructured":"Networld2020: The Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda: Smart Networks in the context of NGI. Technical report, European Technology Platform (September 2020). https:\/\/www.networld2020.eu\/3487-2\/"},{"key":"9737_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ford, A. et al.: TCP extensions for multipath operation with multiple addresses. RFC 8684 (March 2020). http:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/rfc\/rfc8684.txt","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8684"},{"key":"9737_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iyengar, J., Thomson, M.: Quic: A udp-based multiplexed and secure transport. RFC 9000, RFC Editor (May 2021). https:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/rfc\/rfc9000.txt","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC9000"},{"key":"9737_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Viernickel, T., et al.: Multipath QUIC: a deployable multipath transport protocol. In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications, pp. 1\u20137 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422951","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422951"},{"key":"9737_CR14","unstructured":"Singh, V., et al.: Multipath RTP (MPRTP). Internet-Draft draft-ietf-avtcore-mprtp-03. IETF Secretariat (June 2016). https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/draft-ietf-avtcore-mprtp\/03\/"},{"key":"9737_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rico, D., Gallardo, M., Merino, P.: Modeling and verification of the Multi-connection Tactile Internet Protocol. In: Proceedings of the 17th ACM Symposium on QoS and Security for Wireless and Mobile Networks, pp. 105\u2013114 (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3479242.3487328"},{"key":"9737_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rico, D., Grinemmo, K.-J., Brunstrom, A., Merino, P.: Implementation and evaluation of the Multi-connection Tactile Internet Protocol and API. In: NOMS 2022-2022 IEEE\/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, pp. 1\u20136 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/NOMS54207.2022.9789842","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS54207.2022.9789842"},{"key":"9737_CR17","unstructured":"Morse Research Group: Morse Lab (2022). https:\/\/morse.uma.es\/morse-lab\/. Accessed 22 Oct 2022"},{"key":"9737_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., Jacobson, V.: RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications. STD\u00a064 (July 2003). http:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/rfc\/rfc3550.txt","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc3550"},{"key":"9737_CR19","unstructured":"Stewart, R.: Stream control transmission protocol. RFC 4960, RFC Editor (September 2007). http:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/rfc\/rfc4960.txt"},{"issue":"4","key":"9737_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.042","volume":"67","author":"PM Vespa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vespa, P.M., et al.: Intensive care unit robotic telepresence facilitates rapid physician response to unstable patients and decreased cost in neurointensive care. Surg. Neurol. 67(4), 331\u2013337 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.042","journal-title":"Surgical Neurology"},{"key":"9737_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.05.009","volume":"68","author":"S Dadhich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dadhich, S., Bodin, U., Andersson, U.: Key challenges in automation of earth-moving machines. Autom. Construct. 68, 212\u2013222 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.05.009","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"9737_CR22","unstructured":"Dodeller, S.: Transport layer protocols for telehaptics update messages. In: Proceedings of 22nd Biennial Symposium on Communications, June 2004. https:\/\/ruor.uottawa.ca\/handle\/10393\/26627"},{"key":"9737_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ping, L., Wenjuan, L., Zengqi, S.: Transport layer protocol reconfiguration for network-based robot control system. In: Proceedings of 2005 IEEE Networking, Sensing and Control, pp. 1049\u20131053 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICNSC.2005.1461342","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNSC.2005.1461342"},{"issue":"5","key":"9737_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2004.834942","volume":"51","author":"Y Uchimura","year":"2004","unstructured":"Uchimura, Y., Yakoh, T.: Bilateral robot system on the real-time network structure. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 51(5), 940\u2013946 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIE.2004.834942","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics"},{"key":"9737_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kokkonis, G., Psannis, K., Roumeliotis, M., Kontogiannis, S.: A survey of transport protocols for haptic applications. In: 2012 16th Panhellenic Conference on Informatics, pp. 192\u2013197 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PCi.2012.54","DOI":"10.1109\/PCi.2012.54"},{"issue":"4","key":"9737_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2851452","volume":"20","author":"K Antonakoglou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Antonakoglou, K., et al.: Toward haptic communications over the 5G Tactile Internet. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor. 20(4), 3034\u20133059 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2018.2851452","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials"},{"issue":"4","key":"9737_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2453941","volume":"17","author":"J Qadir","year":"2015","unstructured":"Qadir, J., et al.: Exploiting the power of multiplicity: A holistic survey of network-layer multipath. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor. 17(4), 2176\u20132213 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2015.2453941","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials"},{"key":"9737_CR28","unstructured":"Coninck, Q.D., Bonaventure, O.: Multipath extensions for QUIC (MP-QUIC). Internet-Draft draft-ietf-quic-multipath-04. IETF Secretariat (March 2023). https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/draft-ietf-quic-multipath\/04\/"},{"key":"9737_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zheng, Z. et al.: Xlink: Qoe-driven multi-path quic transport in large-scale video services. In: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference. SIGCOMM \u201921, pp. 418\u2013432. Association for Computing Machinery, New York  (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3452296.3472893","DOI":"10.1145\/3452296.3472893"},{"key":"9737_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, W., Cao, J., Wu, F.: Adaptive video streaming with scalable video coding using multipath QUIC. In: 2021 IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference (IPCCC), pp. 1\u20137 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IPCCC51483.2021.9679445","DOI":"10.1109\/IPCCC51483.2021.9679445"},{"issue":"9","key":"9737_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2015.2497238","volume":"15","author":"J Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu, J., et al.: Streaming high-quality mobile video with multipath TCP in heterogeneous wireless networks. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput. 15(9), 2345\u20132361 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMC.2015.2497238","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"key":"9737_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pakulova, E., Miller, K., Wolisz, A.: Adaptive low-delay video streaming in heterogeneous wireless networks using MPRTP. In: 2017 13th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), pp. 14\u201319 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IWCMC.2017.7986255","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2017.7986255"},{"key":"9737_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shankarkumar V. et al.: Precision Time Protocol Version 2 (PTPv2) Management Information Base. RFC 8173 (June 2017). http:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/rfc\/rfc8173.txt","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8173"},{"key":"9737_CR34","unstructured":"Amend, M., Hugo, D.: Multipath sequence maintenance. Internet-Draft draft-amend-iccrg-multipath-reordering-01. IETF Secretariat (November 2020). http:\/\/www.ietf.org\/internet-drafts\/draft-amend-iccrg-multipath-reordering-01.txt"},{"key":"9737_CR35","unstructured":"The Qt Company: Cross-platform software development for Embedded & Desktop (2021). https:\/\/www.qt.io\/"},{"key":"9737_CR36","unstructured":"Mininet Project: Mininet (2021). http:\/\/mininet.org\/"},{"key":"9737_CR37","unstructured":"The Linux Foundation: Netem (2021). https:\/\/wiki.linuxfoundation.org\/networking\/netem"},{"key":"9737_CR38","unstructured":"3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; NR; Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol specification (Release 16). Technical Report 38.322, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (December 2020). Version 16.2.0"},{"key":"9737_CR39","unstructured":"The Linux Foundation: Low latency Linux (2022). https:\/\/ubuntu.com\/blog\/industrial-embedded-systems"},{"key":"9737_CR40","unstructured":"Clearpath: Husky - Unmanned Ground Vehicle. https:\/\/clearpathrobotics.com\/husky-unmanned-ground-vehicle-robot\/. Online; accessed 22 Oct 2022 (2022)"},{"key":"9737_CR41","unstructured":"Open robotics: ROS. https:\/\/www.ros.org\/. Accessed 22 Oct 2022"},{"key":"9737_CR42","unstructured":"Pauly, T. et al.: An architecture for transport services. Internet-Draft draft-ietf-taps-arch-16, IETF Secretariat (April 2021). https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/draft-ietf-taps-arch\/16\/"}],"container-title":["Journal of Network and Systems Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10922-023-09737-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10922-023-09737-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10922-023-09737-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T07:03:55Z","timestamp":1690268635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10922-023-09737-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["9737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10922-023-09737-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-7570","1573-7705"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1064-7570"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-7705"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}],"article-number":"49"}}