{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T14:58:12Z","timestamp":1780757892669,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Netw Syst Manage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10922-024-09814-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T18:02:14Z","timestamp":1712167334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Assuring Efficient Path Selection in an Intent-Based Networking System: A Graph Neural Networks and Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Sajid","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier Jose","family":"Diaz Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mir Muhammad Suleman","family":"Sarwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afaq","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang-Cheol","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"9814_CR1","first-page":"884","volume":"7","author":"DS Rana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rana, D.S., Dhondiyal, S.A., Chamoli, S.K.: Software defined networking (sdn) challenges, issues and solution. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. 7(1), 884\u2013889 (2019)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"9814_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/fi12010007","volume":"12","author":"S Papavassiliou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Papavassiliou, S.: Software defined networking (sdn) and network function virtualization (nfv). Fut. Internet 12(1), 7 (2020)","journal-title":"Fut. Internet"},{"issue":"2","key":"9814_CR3","first-page":"421","volume":"7","author":"A Rashid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rashid, A., Chaturvedi, A.: Cloud computing characteristics and services: a brief review. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. 7(2), 421\u2013426 (2019)","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"9814_CR4","unstructured":"Barakabitze, A., Hines, A.: Network softwarization and virtualization in future networks: The promise of sdn, nfv, mec, and fog\/cloud computing (2023)"},{"issue":"1","key":"9814_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2020.3045381","volume":"18","author":"T Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Qiu, H., Linguaglossa, L., Cerroni, W., Giaccone, P.: Nfv platforms: Taxonomy, design choices and future challenges. IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag. 18(1), 30\u201348 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"issue":"1","key":"9814_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2477041","volume":"18","author":"R Mijumbi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mijumbi, R., et al.: Network function virtualization: state-of-the-art and research challenges. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 18(1), 236\u2013262 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"9814_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeydan, E., Turk, Y.: Recent advances in intent-based networking: a survey (2020). 2020 IEEE 91st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020-Spring)","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2020-Spring48590.2020.9128422"},{"key":"9814_CR8","unstructured":"Clemm, A., Ciavaglia, L., Granville, L., Tantsura, J.: Intent-based networking-concepts and overview. Tech. Rep, Internet Engineering Task Force, Internet-Draft (2019)"},{"issue":"1","key":"9814_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13174-018-0087-2","volume":"9","author":"R Boutaba","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boutaba, R., et al.: A comprehensive survey on machine learning for networking: evolution, applications and research opportunities. J. Internet Serv. Appl. 9(1), 1\u201399 (2018)","journal-title":"J. Internet Serv. Appl."},{"key":"9814_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, X., Leivadeas, A.: Network assurance in intent-based networking data centers with machine learning techniques (2021). In: 2021 17th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM)","DOI":"10.23919\/CNSM52442.2021.9615580"},{"issue":"6","key":"9814_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2019.2909076","volume":"37","author":"P Chemouil","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chemouil, P., et al.: Special issue on artificial intelligence and machine learning for networking and communications. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 37(6), 1185\u20131191 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"9814_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nacef, A. et\u00a0al.: Self-optimized network: When machine learning meets optimization (2021). 2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685681"},{"key":"9814_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.04.004","volume":"158","author":"KL Dias","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dias, K.L., Pongelupe, M.A., Caminhas, W.M., de Errico, L.: An innovative approach for real-time network traffic classification. Comput. Netw. 158, 143\u2013157 (2019)","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"9814_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera, J. J.\u00a0D. et\u00a0al.: An intent-based networking mechanism: A study case for efficient path selection using graph neural networks (2023). NOMS 2023-2023 IEEE\/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS56928.2023.10154296"},{"key":"9814_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeydan, E., Turk, Y.: Recent advances in intent-based networking: A survey (2020). 2020 IEEE 91st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020-Spring)","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2020-Spring48590.2020.9128422"},{"key":"9814_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaMar, S., Gosselin, J.\u00a0J., Caceres, I., Kapple, S., Jayasumana, A.: Congestion aware intent-based routing using graph neural networks for improved quality of experience in heterogeneous networks (2021). MILCOM 2021-2021 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM52596.2021.9652977"},{"key":"9814_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4855","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-020-01753-1","volume":"11","author":"A Rafiq","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rafiq, A., Afaq, M., Song, W.C.: Intent-based networking with proactive load distribution in data center using ibn manager and smart path manager. J. Amb. Intell. Humaniz. Comput. 11, 4855\u20134872 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Amb. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"9814_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bannour, F., Dumbrava, S., Lu, D.: A flexible graphql northbound api for intent-based sdn applications (2022). NOMS 2022-2022 IEEE\/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS54207.2022.9789785"},{"issue":"8","key":"9814_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5310","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3002349","volume":"22","author":"A Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh, A., Aujla, G.S., Bali, R.S.: Intent-based network for data dissemination in software-defined vehicular edge computing. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 22(8), 5310\u20135318 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TITS.2020.3002349","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"9814_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2023.3280913","author":"Q Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Liu, Q., Jia, Z., Xin, N., Chen, T.: P4sqa: A p4 switch-based qos assurance mechanism for sdn. IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSM.2023.3280913","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"9814_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.06.091","volume":"110","author":"C Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin, C., Wang, K., Deng, G.: A qos-aware routing in sdn hybrid networks. Procedia Comput. Sci. 110, 242\u2013249 (2017)","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"9814_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erokhin, S., Petukhov, A., Pilyugin, P.: Critical information infrastructures monitoring based on software-defined networks (2019). Conference of Open Innovations Association, FRUCT","DOI":"10.23919\/FRUCT.2019.8711960"},{"issue":"3","key":"9814_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4018\/IJGHPC.2021070104","volume":"13","author":"CN Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, C.N., Ku, L.C., Chen, J.J.: A perfsonar-based network performance weathermap system. Int. J. Grid High Perf. Comput. (IJGHPC) 13(3), 43\u201355 (2021)","journal-title":"Int. J. Grid High Perf. Comput. (IJGHPC)"},{"key":"9814_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154300","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946884","volume":"7","author":"H Isah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Isah, H., et al.: A survey of distributed data stream processing frameworks. IEEE Access 7, 154300\u2013154316 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"7540","key":"9814_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14236","volume":"518","author":"V Mnih","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mnih, V., et al.: Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning. Nature 518(7540), 529\u2013533 (2015)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9814_CR26","unstructured":"Silver, D. et\u00a0al.: Deterministic policy gradient algorithms (2014). International conference on machine learning"},{"key":"9814_CR27","unstructured":"Lillicrap, T.\u00a0P. et\u00a0al.: Continuous control with deep reinforcement learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1509.02971 (2015)"},{"key":"9814_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadam, S.\u00a0S. ,Ingle, D.\u00a0R.: Literature review on redistribution of routing protocols in wireless networks using sdn along with nfv (2022). Soft Computing for Security Applications: Proceedings of ICSCS 2021","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-5301-8_41"},{"key":"9814_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Wang, Z., Yin, X., Shi, X., Wu, J.: Traffic engineering in sdn\/ospf hybrid network (2014). 2014 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Network Protocols","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2014.90"},{"key":"9814_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148629","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946707","volume":"7","author":"E Akin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akin, E., Korkmaz, T.: Comparison of routing algorithms with static and dynamic link cost in software defined networking (sdn). IEEE Access 7, 148629\u2013148644 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"9814_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.2100266","volume":"35","author":"D Pujol-Perich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pujol-Perich, D., et al.: Ignnition: Bridging the gap between graph neural networks and networking systems. IEEE Netw. 35(6), 171\u2013177 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"issue":"9","key":"9814_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2011.111002","volume":"29","author":"S Knight","year":"2011","unstructured":"Knight, S., Nguyen, H.X., Falkner, N., Bowden, R., Roughan, M.: The internet topology zoo. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 29(9), 1765\u20131775 (2011)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s10922-024-09840-w","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000}},{"DOI":"10.1007\/s10922-024-09834-8","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Network and Systems Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10922-024-09814-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10922-024-09814-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10922-024-09814-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T12:54:45Z","timestamp":1722603285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10922-024-09814-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["9814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10922-024-09814-y","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s10922-024-09834-8","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s10922-024-09840-w","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1064-7570","1573-7705"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-7570","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7705","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 April 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2024","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10922-024-09834-8","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10922-024-09834-8","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 August 2024","order":9,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":10,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":11,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10922-024-09840-w","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10922-024-09840-w","order":12,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. The authors have no Conflict of interest to declare relevant to this article\u2019s content.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"41"}}