{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T09:47:13Z","timestamp":1751622433942,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013003","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Cagliari","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013003","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Philos Logic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the logical context, ignorance is traditionally defined recurring to epistemic logic. In particular, ignorance is essentially interpreted as \u201clack of knowledge\u201d. This received view has - as we point out - some problems, in particular we will highlight how it does not allow to express a type of content-theoretic ignorance, i.e. an ignorance of <jats:italic>\u03c6<\/jats:italic> that stems from an unfamiliarity with its meaning. Contrarily to this trend, in this paper, we introduce and investigate a modal logic having a primitive epistemic operator <jats:bold>I<\/jats:bold>, modeling ignorance. Our modal logic is essentially constructed on the modal logics based on weak Kleene three-valued logic introduced by Segerberg (<jats:italic>Theoria, 33<\/jats:italic>(1):53\u201371, 1997). Such non-classical propositional basis allows to define a Kripke-style semantics with the following, very intuitive, interpretation: a formula <jats:italic>\u03c6<\/jats:italic> is ignored by an agent if <jats:italic>\u03c6<\/jats:italic> is neither true nor false in every world accessible to the agent. As a consequence of this choice, we obtain a type of content-theoretic notion of ignorance, which is essentially different from the traditional approach. We dub it <jats:italic>severe ignorance<\/jats:italic>. We axiomatize, prove completeness and decidability for the logic of reflexive (three-valued) Kripke frames, which we find the most suitable candidate for our novel proposal and, finally, compare our approach with the most traditional one.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10992-022-09697-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T14:03:13Z","timestamp":1681221793000},"page":"1053-1080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Logical Modeling of Severe Ignorance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5959-5868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Bonzio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0277-6369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V.","family":"Fano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8828-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Graziani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7869-7405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Pra Baldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"9697_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldini, A., Graziani, P., & Tagliaferri, M. (2020). Reasoning about ignorance and beliefs. In L. Cleophas M. Massink (Eds.) Software Engineering and Formal Methods. SEFM 2020 Collocated Workshops, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 12524, Springer International Publishing, pp. 214\u2013230. Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-67220-1_17"},{"key":"9697_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arfini, S. (2019). Ignorant cognition: a philosophical investigation of the cognitive features of Not-Knowing. Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics. Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-14362-6"},{"issue":"6","key":"9697_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.26686\/ajl.v13i6.3976","volume":"13","author":"J Beall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beall, J. (2016). Off-topic: A new interpretation of weak-Kleene logic. 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