{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T02:01:10Z","timestamp":1772935270646,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006692","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Philos Logic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The key idea of this paper is that grounds are a special kind of reasons, so their logic is part of the logic of reasons. We outline a natural deduction calculus that provides a basic formal characterization of reasons and enables us to obtain some distinctive and relatively uncontentious principles about grounds. Then we show that the calculus outlined is consistent and decidable, which we take to be an interesting result in its own right.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10992-025-09824-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T10:48:00Z","timestamp":1764931680000},"page":"77-115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reasons and Grounds: A Proof-Theoretical Investigation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7415-5839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco A.","family":"Genco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Iacona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"9824_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10992-016-9409-7","volume":"46","author":"F Correia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Correia, F. (2014). An impure logic of representational grounding. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 46, 507\u2013538.","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophical Logic"},{"key":"9824_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755020313000300","volume":"7","author":"F Correia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Correia, F. (2014). Logical grounds. Review of Symbolic Logic, 7, 31\u201359.","journal-title":"Logical grounds. Review of Symbolic Logic"},{"issue":"1","key":"9824_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755020313000300","volume":"7","author":"F Correia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Correia, F. (2014). Logical grounds. The Review of Symbolic Logic, 7(1), 31\u201359.","journal-title":"The Review of Symbolic Logic"},{"key":"9824_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009180504","volume-title":"The Logic of Grounding","author":"F Correia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Correia, F. (2024). The Logic of Grounding. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"9824_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crupi, V., Dalmonte, T., & Iacona, A. (2024). Non-monotonicity and contraposition. Journal of Logic, Language, and Information","DOI":"10.1007\/s10849-024-09425-5"},{"key":"9824_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/pq\/pqac024","volume":"73","author":"V Crupi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Crupi, V., & Iacona, A. (2022). Outline of a theory of reasons. Philosophical Quarterly, 73, 117\u2013142.","journal-title":"Philosophical Quarterly"},{"key":"9824_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crupi, V., & Iacona, A. (2024). Conditionals: Inferentialism explicated. Erkenntnis","DOI":"10.1007\/s10670-024-00822-7"},{"key":"9824_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1215\/00294527-2010-007","volume":"51","author":"K Fine","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fine, K. (2010). Some puzzles of ground. Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 51, 97\u2013118.","journal-title":"Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic"},{"key":"9824_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139149136.002","volume-title":"Metaphysical grounding: Understanding the structure of reality","author":"K Fine","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fine, K. (2012). Guide to ground. In B. Schnieder & F. Correia (Eds.), Metaphysical grounding: Understanding the structure of reality (pp. 37\u201380). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"9824_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755020311000086","volume":"25","author":"K Fine","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fine, K. (2012). The pure logic of ground. Review of Symbolic Logic, 25, 1\u201325.","journal-title":"Review of Symbolic Logic"},{"issue":"1","key":"9824_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755020311000086","volume":"5","author":"K Fine","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fine, K. (2012). The pure logic of ground. The Review of Symbolic Logic, 5(1), 1\u201325.","journal-title":"The Review of Symbolic Logic"},{"issue":"4","key":"9824_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/11663081.2024.2366753","volume":"34","author":"F Genco","year":"2024","unstructured":"Genco, F. (2024). Grounding operators: transitivity and trees, logicality and balance. Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics, 34(4), 453\u2013492.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"9824_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/11663081.2021.2010435","volume":"31","author":"FA Genco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Genco, F. A. (2021). Formal explanations as logical derivations. Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics, 31(3\u20134), 279\u2013342.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics"},{"key":"9824_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genco, F.\u00a0A. (2024). What stands between grounding and logical rules is the excluded middle. The Review of Symbolic Logic, (pp. 1\u201327)","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755020324000194"},{"key":"9824_CR15","unstructured":"Genco, F.\u00a0A. (2025). A direct characterisation of logical grounds and a decidability proof"},{"key":"9824_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genco, F.\u00a0A., & Poggiolesi, F. (2021). Defining formal explanation in classical logic by substructural derivability. In Connecting with computability: 17th conference on computability in Europe, CiE 2021, Virtual Event, Ghent, July 5\u20139, 2021, Proceedings 17, (pp 237\u2013247)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80049-9_22"},{"key":"9824_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01201353","volume":"39","author":"G Gentzen","year":"1935","unstructured":"Gentzen, G. (1935). Untersuchungen \u00fcber das logische schlie\u00dfen. i. Mathematische Zeitschrift, 39, 176\u2013210.","journal-title":"Mathematische Zeitschrift"},{"key":"9824_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iacona, A. (2023). Connexivity in the logic of reasons. Studia Logica","DOI":"10.1007\/s11225-023-10041-w"},{"key":"9824_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipton, P. (2017). Inference to the best explanation. A Companion to the Philosophy of Science, (pp. 184\u2013193)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781405164481.ch29"},{"issue":"1","key":"9824_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.7710\/1526-0569.1453","volume":"14","author":"J Litland","year":"2013","unstructured":"Litland, J. (2013). On some counterexamples to the transitivity of grounding. Essays in Philosophy, 14(1), 19\u201332.","journal-title":"Essays in Philosophy"},{"key":"9824_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s10992-015-9386-2","volume":"45","author":"J Litland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Litland, J. (2016). Pure logic of many-many ground. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 45, 531\u2013577.","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophical Logic"},{"issue":"10","key":"9824_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-015-0923-x","volume":"193","author":"F Poggiolesi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poggiolesi, F. (2016). On defining the notion of complete and immediate formal grounding. Synthese, 193(10), 3147\u20133167.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"9824_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-016-1265-z","volume":"195","author":"F Poggiolesi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Poggiolesi, F. (2018). On constructing a logic for the notion of complete and immediate formal grounding. Synthese, 195, 1231\u20131254.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"issue":"2","key":"9824_CR24","first-page":"193","volume":"50","author":"MJ Raven","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raven, M. J. (2013). Is ground a strict partial order? American Philosophical Quarterly, 50(2), 193\u2013201.","journal-title":"American Philosophical Quarterly"},{"key":"9824_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139149136.005","volume-title":"Metaphysical grounding: Understanding the structure of reality","author":"J Schaffer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schaffer, J. (2012). Grounding, transitivity, and contrastivity. In B. Schnieder & F. Correia (Eds.), Metaphysical grounding: Understanding the structure of reality (pp. 122\u2013138). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"9824_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755020311000104","volume":"4","author":"B Schnieder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schnieder, B. (2011). A logic for \u2018because\u2019. The Review of Symbolic Logic, 4, 445\u2013465.","journal-title":"The Review of Symbolic Logic"}],"container-title":["Journal of Philosophical Logic"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10992-025-09824-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10992-025-09824-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10992-025-09824-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T07:28:43Z","timestamp":1772868523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10992-025-09824-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["9824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10992-025-09824-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3611","1573-0433"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3611","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0433","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There are no financial or non-financial interests that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}