{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T10:26:06Z","timestamp":1776939966045,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mach Learn"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-019-05794-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T17:05:06Z","timestamp":1553274306000},"page":"1085-1110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Semi-supervised online structure learning for composite event recognition"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8133-7347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Michelioudakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Artikis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Paliouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5794_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2010.36","volume":"23","author":"H Abdulsalam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abdulsalam, H., Skillicorn, D. B., & Martin, P. (2011). Classification using streaming random forests. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 23(1), 22\u201336.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"5794_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022689900470","volume":"6","author":"DW Aha","year":"1991","unstructured":"Aha, D. W., Kibler, D. F., & Albert, M. K. (1991). Instance-based learning algorithms. Machine Learning, 6, 37\u201366. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1022689900470\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"5794_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11721-015-0116-8","volume":"9","author":"J Albinati","year":"2015","unstructured":"Albinati, J., Oliveira, S. E. L., Otero, F. E. B., & Pappa, G. L. (2015). An ant colony-based semi-supervised approach for learning classification rules. Swarm Intelligence, 9(4), 315\u2013341.","journal-title":"Swarm Intelligence"},{"issue":"5","key":"5794_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71:1","DOI":"10.1145\/3117809","volume":"50","author":"E Alevizos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alevizos, E., Skarlatidis, A., Artikis, A., & Paliouras, G. (2017). Probabilistic complex event recognition: A survey. ACM Computing Surveys, 50(5), 71:1\u201371:31.","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"5794_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artikis, A., Katzouris, N., Correia, I., Baber, C., Morar, N., Skarbovsky, I., Fournier, F., & Paliouras, G. (2017). A prototype for credit card fraud management: Industry paper. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM international conference on distributed and event-based systems (pp. 249\u2013260). ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/3093742.3093912"},{"issue":"4","key":"5794_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2014.2356476","volume":"27","author":"A Artikis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Artikis, A., Sergot, M. J., & Paliouras, G. (2015). An Event Calculus for event recognition. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 27(4), 895\u2013908.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"5794_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888912000264","volume":"27","author":"A Artikis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Artikis, A., Skarlatidis, A., Portet, F., & Paliouras, G. (2012). Logic-based event recognition. Knowledge Engineering Review, 27(4), 469\u2013506.","journal-title":"Knowledge Engineering Review"},{"key":"5794_CR8","unstructured":"Bisson, G. (1992a). Conceptual clustering in a first order logic representation. In Proceedings of the 10th European conference on artificial intelligence (pp. 458\u2013462). New York: Wiley."},{"key":"5794_CR9","unstructured":"Bisson, G. (1992b). Learning in FOL with a similarity measure. In Proceedings of the 10th National conference on artificial intelligence (pp. 82\u201387). Cambridge: AAAI Press\/The MIT Press."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"5794_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(98)00034-4","volume":"101","author":"H Blockeel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Blockeel, H., & De Raedt, L. (1998). Top-down induction of first-order logical decision trees. Artificial Intelligence, 101(1\u20132), 285\u2013297.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"5794_CR11","unstructured":"Blum, A., & Chawla, S. (2001). Learning from labeled and unlabeled data using graph mincuts. In Proceedings of the eighteenth international conference on machine learning (pp. 19\u201326). Los Altos: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"5794_CR12","unstructured":"Blum, A., Lafferty, J. D., Rwebangira, M. R., & Reddy, R. (2004). Semi-supervised learning using randomized mincuts. In Proceedings of the 21st international conference on machine learning. New York: ACM."},{"key":"5794_CR13","unstructured":"Blum, A., & Mitchell, T. M. (1998). Combining labeled and unlabeled data with co-training. In Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on computational learning theory (pp. 92\u2013100). New York: ACM."},{"key":"5794_CR14","unstructured":"Bohnebeck, U., Horv\u00e1th, T., & Wrobel, S. (1998). Term comparisons in first-order similarity measures. In Proceedings of the 8th International workshop on inductive logic programming (pp. 65\u201379). Berlin: Springer."},{"issue":"1","key":"5794_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.1509","volume":"23","author":"NV Chawla","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chawla, N. V., & Karakoulas, G. (2005). Learning from labeled and unlabeled data: An empirical study across techniques and domains. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 23(1), 331\u2013366.","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"5794_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2187671.2187677","volume":"44","author":"G Cugola","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cugola, G., & Margara, A. (2012). Processing flows of information: From data stream to complex event processing. ACM Computing Survey, 44(3), 15:1\u201315:62.","journal-title":"ACM Computing Survey"},{"issue":"3","key":"5794_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1198\/106186008X344748","volume":"17","author":"M Culp","year":"2008","unstructured":"Culp, M., & Michailidis, G. (2008). An iterative algorithm for extending learners to a semi-supervised setting. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 17(3), 545\u2013571.","journal-title":"Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"5794_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007361123060","volume":"26","author":"L Raedt De","year":"1997","unstructured":"De Raedt, L., & Dehaspe, L. (1997). Clausal discovery. Machine Learning, 26(2\u20133), 99\u2013146.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"5794_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68856-3","volume-title":"Logical and relational learning: From ILP to MRDM (cognitive technologies)","author":"L Raedt De","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Raedt, L. (2008). Logical and relational learning: From ILP to MRDM (cognitive technologies). Secaucus, NJ: Springer-Verlag, New York Inc."},{"issue":"1","key":"5794_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-011-0406-4","volume":"31","author":"A Dhurandhar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dhurandhar, A., & Dobra, A. (2012). Distribution-free bounds for relational classification. Knowledge and Information Systems, 31(1), 55\u201378.","journal-title":"Knowledge and Information Systems"},{"key":"5794_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domingos, P. M., & Hulten, G. (2000). Mining high-speed data streams. In Proceedings of the 6th international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining (pp. 71\u201380).","DOI":"10.1145\/347090.347107"},{"key":"5794_CR22","first-page":"2121","volume":"12","author":"J Duchi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Duchi, J., Hazan, E., & Singer, Y. (2011). Adaptive subgradient methods for online learning and stochastic optimization. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 12, 2121\u20132159.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"5794_CR23","unstructured":"Emde, W., & Wettschereck, D. (1996). Relational instance-based learning. In Proceedings of the 13th international conference on machine Learning (pp. 122\u2013130). Los Altos: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"5794_CR24","unstructured":"Ghahramani, Z., & Jordan, M. I. (1993). Supervised learning from incomplete data via an EM approach. In Proceedings of the 7th conference on advances in neural information processing systems (Vol. 6, pp. 120\u2013127). Los Altos: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"5794_CR25","unstructured":"Goldman, S. A., & Zhou, Y. (2000). Enhancing supervised learning with unlabeled data. In Proceedings of the seventeenth international conference on machine learning (ICML 2000), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, June 29\u2013July 2, 2000 (pp. 327\u2013334). Los Altos: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"5794_CR26","unstructured":"Hausdorff, F. (1962). Set theory. AMS Chelsea Publishing Series White River Junction: Chelsea Publishing Company."},{"key":"5794_CR27","unstructured":"Heckerman, D. (1999). chap A tutorial on learning with Bayesian networks learning. In Graphical models (pp. 301\u2013354). Cambridge: MIT Press."},{"issue":"301","key":"5794_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500830","volume":"58","author":"W Hoeffding","year":"1963","unstructured":"Hoeffding, W. (1963). Probability inequalities for sums of bounded random variables. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58(301), 13\u201330.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"5794_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huynh, T. N., & Mooney, R. J. (2011). Online structure learning for Markov logic networks. In Proceedings of ECML PKDD (Vol. 2, pp. 81\u201396).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23783-6_6"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"5794_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1017\/S1471068416000260","volume":"16","author":"N Katzouris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Katzouris, N., Artikis, A., & Paliouras, G. (2016). Online learning of event definitions. Theory and Practice of Logic Programming, 16(5\u20136), 817\u2013833.","journal-title":"Theory and Practice of Logic Programming"},{"key":"5794_CR31","unstructured":"Katzouris, N., Michelioudakis, E., Artikis, A., & Paliouras, G. (2018). Online learning of weighted relational rules for complex event recognition. In Proceedings of ECML-PKDD."},{"key":"5794_CR32","unstructured":"Kirsten, M., & Wrobel, S. (1998). Relational distance-based clustering. In Proceedings of the 8th international workshop on inductive logic programming (pp. 261\u2013270). Berlin: Springer."},{"key":"5794_CR33","unstructured":"Kirsten, M., & Wrobel, S. (2000). Extending k-means clustering to first-order representations. In Proceedings of the 10th international conference on inductive logic programming (pp. 112\u2013129). Berlin: Springer."},{"issue":"1","key":"5794_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03037383","volume":"4","author":"RA Kowalski","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kowalski, R. A., & Sergot, M. J. (1986). A logic-based calculus of events. New Generation Computing, 4(1), 67\u201395.","journal-title":"New Generation Computing"},{"key":"5794_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.3800020109","volume":"2","author":"HW Kuhn","year":"1955","unstructured":"Kuhn, H. W. (1955). The Hungarian method for the assignment problem. Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, 2, 83\u201397.","journal-title":"Naval Research Logistics Quarterly"},{"key":"5794_CR36","first-page":"481","volume":"8","author":"N Landwehr","year":"2007","unstructured":"Landwehr, N., Kersting, K., & De Raedt, L. (2007). Integrating na\u00efve bayes and FOIL. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 8, 481\u2013507.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"5794_CR37","unstructured":"Landwehr, N., Passerini, A., De Raedt, L., & Frasconi, P. (2006). kFOIL: Learning simple relational kernels. In Proceedings of the 21st National conference on artificial intelligence (pp. 389\u2013394). Cambridge: AAAI Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"5794_CR38","first-page":"474","volume":"6","author":"Y Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li, Y., & Guo, M. (2011). Web page classification using relational learning algorithm and unlabeled data. Journal of Computers, 6(3), 474\u2013479.","journal-title":"Journal of Computers"},{"key":"5794_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2012.04.021","volume":"35","author":"Y Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li, Y., & Guo, M. (2012). A new relational tri-training system with adaptive data editing for inductive logic programming. Knowledge-Based Systems, 35, 173\u2013185.","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"key":"5794_CR40","unstructured":"McCallum, A. (2003). Efficiently inducing features of conditional random fields. In Proceedings of the 19th conference on uncertainty in artificial Intelligence (pp. 403\u2013410)."},{"key":"5794_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michelioudakis, E., Artikis, A., & Paliouras, G. (2016a). Online structure learning for traffic management. In Proceedings of the 26th international conference on inductive logic programming (pp. 27\u201339).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63342-8_3"},{"key":"5794_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michelioudakis, E., Skarlatidis, A., Paliouras, G., & Artikis, A. (2016b). Online structure learning using background knowledge axiomatization. In Proceedings of ECML-PKDD (Vol. 1, pp. 242\u2013237).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46128-1_15"},{"key":"5794_CR43","unstructured":"Mueller, E. T. (2008). Event Calculus. In Handbook of knowledge representation, foundations of artificial intelligence (Vol. 3, pp. 671\u2013708). Amsterdam: Elsevier."},{"key":"5794_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03037227","volume":"13","author":"S Muggleton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Muggleton, S. (1995). Inverse entailment and Progol. New Generation Computing, 13, 245\u2013286.","journal-title":"New Generation Computing"},{"key":"5794_CR45","unstructured":"Nienhuys-Cheng, S. H. (1997). Distance between Herbrand interpretations: A measure for approximations to a target concept. In Proceedings of the 7th international workshop on inductive logic programming (pp. 213\u2013226). Berlin: Springer."},{"issue":"2","key":"5794_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10707-016-0266-x","volume":"21","author":"K Patroumpas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patroumpas, K., Alevizos, E., Artikis, A., Vodas, M., Pelekis, N., & Theodoridis, Y. (2017). Online event recognition from moving vessel trajectories. GeoInformatica, 21(2), 389\u2013427.","journal-title":"GeoInformatica"},{"issue":"4","key":"5794_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1109\/34.588021","volume":"19","author":"SD Pietra","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pietra, S. D., Pietra, V. D., & Lafferty, J. (1997). Inducing features of random fields. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(4), 380\u2013393.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"5794_CR48","first-page":"239","volume":"5","author":"JR Quinlan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Quinlan, J. R. (1990). Learning logical definitions from relations. Machine Learning, 5, 239\u2013266.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"5794_CR49","unstructured":"Ramon, J., & Bruynooghe, M. (1998). A framework for defining distances between first-order logic objects. In Proceedings of the 8th international workshop on inductive logic programming (pp. 271\u2013280). Berlin: Springer."},{"key":"5794_CR50","unstructured":"Richards, B. L., & Mooney, R. J. (1992). Learning relations by pathfinding. In Proceedings of AAAI (pp. 50\u201355). Cambridge: AAAI Press."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"5794_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-006-5833-1","volume":"62","author":"M Richardson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Richardson, M., & Domingos, P. M. (2006). Markov logic networks. Machine Learning, 62(1\u20132), 107\u2013136.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"5794_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2699916","volume":"16","author":"A Skarlatidis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Skarlatidis, A., Paliouras, G., Artikis, A., & Vouros, G. A. (2015). Probabilistic Event Calculus for event recognition. ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, 16(2), 11:1\u201311:37.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computational Logic"},{"issue":"3","key":"5794_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3233\/IDA-2003-7305","volume":"7","author":"N Soonthornphisaj","year":"2003","unstructured":"Soonthornphisaj, N., & Kijsirikul, B. (2003). Iterative cross-training: An algorithm for web page categorization. Intelligent Data Analysis, 7(3), 233\u2013253.","journal-title":"Intelligent Data Analysis"},{"key":"5794_CR54","unstructured":"Soonthornphisaj, N., & Kijsirikul, B. (2004). Combining ILP with semi-supervised learning for web page categorization. In Proceedings of the international conference on computational intelligence (pp. 322\u2013325)."},{"key":"5794_CR55","unstructured":"Srinivasan, A. (2003). The aleph manual. Technical Report\u00a04, Computing Laboratory, Oxford University. \n                    http:\/\/web.comlab.ox.ac.uk\/oucl\/research\/areas\/machlearn\/Aleph\/aleph\n                    \n                  . Accessed 20 April 2018."},{"key":"5794_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yarowsky, D. (1995). Unsupervised word sense disambiguation rivaling supervised methods. In Proceedings of the 33rd annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (pp. 189\u2013196).","DOI":"10.3115\/981658.981684"},{"issue":"11","key":"5794_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2005.186","volume":"17","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., & Li, M. (2005). Tri-training: Exploiting unlabeled data using three classifiers. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 17(11), 1529\u20131541.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"5794_CR58","unstructured":"Zhu, X., Ghahramani, Z., & Lafferty, J. D. (2003). Semi-supervised learning using Gaussian fields and harmonic functions. In Proceedings of the 20th international conference on machine learning (pp. 912\u2013919). AAAI Press."},{"key":"5794_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2200\/S00196ED1V01Y200906AIM006","volume-title":"Introduction to semi-supervised learning","author":"X Zhu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhu, X., Goldberg, A. B., Brachman, R., & Dietterich, T. (2009). Introduction to semi-supervised learning. San Rafael: Morgan and Claypool Publishers."}],"container-title":["Machine Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10994-019-05794-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10994-019-05794-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10994-019-05794-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,22]],"date-time":"2020-03-22T01:07:48Z","timestamp":1584839268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10994-019-05794-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["5794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10994-019-05794-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-6125","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 February 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}