{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T16:57:46Z","timestamp":1769878666674,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8-9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BEST\/2018\/027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BEST\/2018\/027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mach Learn"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-019-05821-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T16:02:33Z","timestamp":1562083353000},"page":"1653-1675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The teaching size: computable teachers and learners for universal languages"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Jan Arne","family":"Telle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Orallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8975-1120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e8sar","family":"Ferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"5821_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022854802097","volume":"51","author":"D Angluin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Angluin, D., & Krik\u0327is, M. (2003). Learning from different teachers. Machine Learning, 51(2), 137\u2013163.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"5821_CR2","unstructured":"Balbach, F. J. (2007). Models for algorithmic teaching. Ph.D. thesis, University of L\u00fcbeck."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"5821_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2008.02.025","volume":"397","author":"FJ Balbach","year":"2008","unstructured":"Balbach, F. J. (2008). Measuring teachability using variants of the teaching dimension. Theoretical Computer Science, 397(1\u20133), 94\u2013113.","journal-title":"Theoretical Computer Science"},{"key":"5821_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balbach, F. J., & Zeugmann, T. (2009). Recent developments in algorithmic teaching. In Intl conf on language and automata theory and applications (pp. 1\u201318). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00982-2_1"},{"key":"5821_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bengio, Y., Louradour, J., Collobert, R., & Weston, J. (2009). Curriculum learning. In Proceedings of the 26th annual international conference on machine learning (pp. 41\u201348). ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/1553374.1553380"},{"key":"5821_CR6","unstructured":"Biran, O., & Cotton, C. (2017). Explanation and justification in machine learning: A survey. In IJCAI-17 Workshop on explainable AI (XAI) (p. 8)."},{"issue":"3","key":"5821_CR7","first-page":"187","volume":"3","author":"C B\u00f6hm","year":"1964","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm, C. (1964). On a family of turing machines and the related programming language. ICC Bulletin, 3(3), 187\u2013194.","journal-title":"ICC Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"5821_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1975.1055349","volume":"21","author":"P Elias","year":"1975","unstructured":"Elias, P. (1975). Universal codeword sets and representations of the integers. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 21(2), 194\u2013203.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory"},{"key":"5821_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freivalds, R., Kinber, E. B., & Wiehagen, R. (1989). Inductive inference from good examples. In International workshop on analogical and inductive inference (pp. 1\u201317). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-51734-0_49"},{"issue":"1","key":"5821_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3975(93)90353-U","volume":"110","author":"R Freivalds","year":"1993","unstructured":"Freivalds, R., Kinber, E. B., & Wiehagen, R. (1993). On the power of inductive inference from good examples. Theoretical Computer Science, 110(1), 131\u2013144.","journal-title":"Theoretical Computer Science"},{"key":"5821_CR11","unstructured":"Gao, Z., Ries, C., Simon, H. U., & Zilles, S. (2016). Preference-based teaching. In Conf. on learning theory (pp. 971\u2013997)."},{"issue":"5","key":"5821_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(67)91165-5","volume":"10","author":"EM Gold","year":"1967","unstructured":"Gold, E. M. (1967). Language identification in the limit. Information and Control, 10(5), 447\u2013474.","journal-title":"Information and Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"5821_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1006\/jcss.1995.1003","volume":"50","author":"SA Goldman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Goldman, S. A., & Kearns, M. J. (1995). On the complexity of teaching. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 50(1), 20\u201331.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer and System Sciences"},{"key":"5821_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldman, S. A., & Mathias, H. D. (1993). Teaching a smart learner. In Conf. on computational learning theory (pp. 67\u201376).","DOI":"10.1145\/168304.168313"},{"key":"5821_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gulwani, S., Hern\u00e1ndez-Orallo, J., Kitzelmann, E., Muggleton, S. H., Schmid, U., & Zorn, B. (2015). Inductive programming meets the real world. Communications of the ACM, 58(11).","DOI":"10.1145\/2736282"},{"key":"5821_CR16","unstructured":"Hernandez-Orallo, J., & Telle, J. A. (2018). Finite biased teaching with infinite concept classes. arXiv\u00a0preprint. arXiv:1804.07121 ."},{"key":"5821_CR17","unstructured":"Jun, S. W. (2016). 50,000,000,000 instructions per second: Design and implementation of a 256-core brainfuck computer. Computer Science and AI Laboratory, MIT."},{"key":"5821_CR18","unstructured":"Khan, F., Mutlu, B., & Zhu, X. (2011). How do humans teach: On curriculum learning and teaching dimension. In Advances in neural information processing systems (pp. 1449\u20131457)."},{"key":"5821_CR19","unstructured":"Lake, B., & Baroni, M. (2018). Generalization without systematicity: On the compositional skills of sequence-to-sequence recurrent networks. In ICML (pp. 2879\u20132888)."},{"issue":"6266","key":"5821_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab3050","volume":"350","author":"BM Lake","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lake, B. M., Salakhutdinov, R., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2015). Human-level concept learning through probabilistic program induction. Science, 350(6266), 1332\u20131338.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5821_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e1zaro-Gredilla, M., Lin, D., Guntupalli, J. S., & George, D. (2019). Beyond imitation: Zero-shot task transfer on robots by learning concepts as cognitive programs. Science Robotics 4.","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aav3150"},{"key":"5821_CR22","first-page":"265","volume":"9","author":"LA Levin","year":"1973","unstructured":"Levin, L. A. (1973). Universal Search Problems. Problems of Information Transmission, 9, 265\u2013266.","journal-title":"Problems of Information Transmission"},{"key":"5821_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-49820-1","volume-title":"An introduction to Kolmogorov complexity and its applications","author":"M Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li, M., & Vit\u00e1nyi, P. (2008). An introduction to Kolmogorov complexity and its applications (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Springer.","edition":"3"},{"key":"5821_CR24","volume-title":"Your wish is my command: Programming by example","author":"H Lieberman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lieberman, H. (2001). Your wish is my command: Programming by example. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"5821_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2013.12.004","volume":"71","author":"P Shafto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shafto, P., Goodman, N. D., & Griffiths, T. L. (2014). A rational account of pedagogical reasoning: Teaching by, and learning from, examples. Cognitive Psychology, 71, 55\u201389.","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"5821_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03037091","volume":"8","author":"A Shinohara","year":"1991","unstructured":"Shinohara, A., & Miyano, S. (1991). Teachability in computational learning. New Generation Computing, 8(4), 337\u2013347.","journal-title":"New Generation Computing"},{"key":"5821_CR27","unstructured":"Simard, P. Y., Amershi, S., Chickering, D. M., Pelton, A. E., Ghorashi, S., Meek, C., Ramos, G., Suh, J., Verwey, J., & Wang, M., et\u00a0al. (2017). Machine teaching: A new paradigm for building machine learning systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.06742 ."},{"issue":"1","key":"5821_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(64)90223-2","volume":"7","author":"RJ Solomonoff","year":"1964","unstructured":"Solomonoff, R. J. (1964). A formal theory of inductive inference. Part I. Information and Control, 7(1), 1\u201322.","journal-title":"Information and Control"},{"issue":"11","key":"5821_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1145\/1968.1972","volume":"27","author":"LG Valiant","year":"1984","unstructured":"Valiant, L. G. (1984). A theory of the learnable. Communications of the ACM, 27(11), 1134\u20131142.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"5821_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1137\/1116025","volume":"16","author":"VN Vapnik","year":"1971","unstructured":"Vapnik, V. N., & Chervonenkis, A. Y. (1971). On the uniform convergence of relative frequencies of events to their probabilities. Theory of Probability and Its Applications, 16, 264\u2013280.","journal-title":"Theory of Probability and Its Applications"},{"key":"5821_CR31","unstructured":"Zhu, X. (2013). Machine teaching for Bayesian learners in the exponential family. In Neural information processing systems 26, Curran (pp. 1905\u20131913)."},{"key":"5821_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X. (2015). Machine teaching: An inverse problem to machine learning and an approach toward optimal education. In AAAI (pp. 4083\u20134087).","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v29i1.9761"},{"key":"5821_CR33","unstructured":"Zhu, X., Singla, A., Zilles, S., & Rafferty, A. N. (2018). An overview of machine teaching. arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.05927 ."}],"container-title":["Machine Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10994-019-05821-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10994-019-05821-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10994-019-05821-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T19:26:13Z","timestamp":1663874773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10994-019-05821-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8-9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["5821"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10994-019-05821-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-6125","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 January 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2019","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2019","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2019","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}