{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:57:40Z","timestamp":1781139460848,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62172326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62172326"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Project of China Knowledge Centre for Engineering Science and Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mach Learn"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-025-06801-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T13:28:46Z","timestamp":1749648526000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Leveraging differentiable NAS and abstract genetic algorithms for optimizing on-mobile VSR performance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Xuncheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weizhan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tieliang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caixia","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"6801_CR1","unstructured":"Conde, M.V., Lei, Z., Li, W., Katsavounidis, I., Timofte, R., Yan, M.. others (2024). Real-time 4k super-resolution of compressed avif images. ais 2024 challenge survey. Proceedings of the ieee\/cvf conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 5838\u20135856)."},{"key":"6801_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eiben, A.E., Aarts, E.H., & Van\u00a0Hee, K.M. (1991). Global convergence of genetic algorithms: A markov chain analysis. Parallel problem solving from nature: 1st workshop, ppsn i dortmund, frg, october 1\u20133, 1990 proceedings 1 (pp. 3\u201312).","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0029725"},{"issue":"55","key":"6801_CR3","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"T Elsken","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elsken, T., Metzen, J. H., & Hutter, F. (2019). Neural architecture search: A survey. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 20(55), 1\u201321.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"6801_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gou, W., Yi, Z., Xiang, Y., Li, S., Liu, Z., Kong, D., & Xu, K. (2023). Syenet: A simple yet effective network for multiple low-level vision tasks with real-time performance on mobile device. Proceedings of the ieee\/cvf international conference on computer vision (pp. 12182\u201312195).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.01119"},{"key":"6801_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Z., Zhang, X., Mu, H., Heng, W., Liu, Z., Wei, Y., & Sun, J. (2020). Single path one-shot neural architecture search with uniform sampling. European conference on computer vision (pp. 544\u2013560).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58517-4_32"},{"issue":"11","key":"6801_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3665138","volume":"56","author":"A Heuillet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Heuillet, A., Nasser, A., Arioui, H., & Tabia, H. (2024). Efficient automation of neural network design: A survey on differentiable neural architecture search. ACM Computing Surveys, 56(11), 1\u201336.","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"6801_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2024.111466","volume":"288","author":"L Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu, L., Wang, Z., Li, H., Wu, P., Mao, J., & Zeng, N. (2024). L-darts: Light-weight differentiable architecture search with robustness enhancement strategy. Knowledge-Based Systems, 288, Article 111466.","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"key":"6801_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, H., Shen, L., He, C., Dong, W., & Liu, W. (2022). Differentiable neural architecture search for extremely lightweight image super-resolution. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology (pp. 2672\u20132682).","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2022.3230824"},{"key":"6801_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ignatov, A., Romero, A., Kim, H., & Timofte, R. (2021). Real-time video super-resolution on smartphones with deep learning, mobile ai 2021 challenge: Report. Proceedings of the ieee\/cvf conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 2535\u20132544).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW53098.2021.00287"},{"key":"6801_CR10","unstructured":"Ignatov, A., Timofte, R., Chiang, C- M., Kuo, H- K., Xu, Y- S., Lee, M- Y.. others (2023). Power efficient video super-resolution on mobile npus with deep learning, mobile ai & aim 2022 challenge: Report. Computer vision\u2013eccv 2022 workshops: Tel aviv, israel, october 23\u201327, 2022, proceedings, part iii (pp. 130\u2013152)."},{"key":"6801_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ignatov, A., Timofte, R., Denna, M., & Younes, A. (2021). Real-time quantized image super-resolution on mobile npus, mobile ai 2021 challenge: Report. Proceedings of the ieee\/cvf conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 2525\u20132534).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW53098.2021.00286"},{"key":"6801_CR12","unstructured":"Ignatov, A., Timofte, R., Denna, M., Younes, A., Gankhuyag, G., Huh, J.. others (2023). Efficient and accurate quantized image super-resolution on mobile npus, mobile ai & aim 2022 challenge: report. Computer vision\u2013eccv 2022 workshops: Tel aviv, israel, october 23\u201327, 2022, proceedings, part iii (pp. 92\u2013129)."},{"key":"6801_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Hoang, D., Bhardwaj, K., Lin, M., Wang, Z., & Marculescu, R. (2024). Zero-shot neural architecture search: Challenges, solutions, and opportunities. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (pp. 7618\u20137635).","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3395423"},{"key":"6801_CR14","unstructured":"Li, Z., Bampis, C., Novak, J., Aaron, A., Swanson, K., Moorthy, A., & Cock, J.D. (2016). Vmaf: The journey continues. The Netflix Tech Blog, Retrieved from https:\/\/netflixtechblog.com\/vmaf-the-journey-continues-44b51ee9ed12."},{"key":"6801_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Ruan, Z., Zhao, P., Dong, C., Shang, F., Liu, Y. & Timofte, R. (2022). Video super-resolution based on deep learning: a comprehensive survey. Artificial Intelligence Review, 55(8), 5981\u20136035.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-022-10147-y"},{"key":"6801_CR16","unstructured":"Liu, H., Simonyan, K., & Yang, Y. (2018). Darts: Differentiable architecture search. International conference on learning representations."},{"issue":"4","key":"6801_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2022.3214538","volume":"33","author":"M Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, M., Jin, S., Yao, C., Lin, C., & Zhao, Y. (2023). Temporal consistency learning of inter-frames for video super-resolution. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 33(4), 1507\u20131520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSVT.2022.3214538","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology"},{"key":"6801_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Zheng, C., Lu, K., Gao, S., Wang, N., Wang, B. & Xu, T. (2021). Evsrnet: Efficient video super-resolution with neural architecture search. Proceedings of the ieee\/cvf conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 2480\u20132485).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW53098.2021.00281"},{"key":"6801_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nah, S., Baik, S., Hong, S., Moon, G., Son, S., Timofte, R., & Lee, K.M. (2019). Ntire 2019 challenge on video deblurring and super-resolution: Dataset and study. Cvpr workshops.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2019.00251"},{"key":"6801_CR20","unstructured":"Netflix (2025). Vmaf. https:\/\/github.com\/Netflix\/vmaf."},{"key":"6801_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Real, E., Aggarwal, A., Huang, Y., & Le, Q.V. (2019). Regularized evolution for image classifier architecture search. Proceedings of the aaai conference on artificial intelligence (Vol.\u00a033, pp. 4780\u20134789).","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33014780"},{"key":"6801_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, W., Caballero, J., Husz\u00e1r, F., Totz, J., Aitken, A.P., Bishop, R. & Wang, Z. (2016). Real-time single image and video super-resolution using an efficient sub-pixel convolutional neural network. Proceedings of the ieee conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 1874\u20131883).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.207"},{"issue":"4","key":"6801_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2019.2919608","volume":"31","author":"Y Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Xue, B., Zhang, M., & Yen, G. G. (2019). Completely automated cnn architecture design based on blocks. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 31(4), 1242\u20131254.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"},{"key":"6801_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Z., Li, L., Dong, P., Hui, Z., Li, A., Lu, M. & Li, D. (2024). Auto-prox: Training-free vision transformer architecture search via automatic proxy discovery. Proceedings of the aaai conference on artificial intelligence.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i14.29511"},{"issue":"1","key":"6801_CR25","first-page":"167","volume":"25","author":"Z Xu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Nie, Z., & Zhang, W. (2002). Almost sure strong convergence of a class of genetic algorithms with parent-offspring competition. Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica, 25(1), 167\u2013175.","journal-title":"Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica"},{"issue":"8","key":"6801_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-018-01144-2","volume":"127","author":"T Xue","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xue, T., Chen, B., Wu, J., Wei, D., & Freeman, W. T. (2019). Video enhancement with task-oriented flow. International Journal of Computer Vision (IJCV), 127(8), 1106\u20131125.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision (IJCV)"},{"key":"6801_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, P., Wang, Z., Jiang, K., Jiang, J., & Ma, J. (2019). Progressive fusion video super-resolution network via exploiting non-local spatio-temporal correlations. Ieee international conference on computer vision (iccv) (p.3106-3115).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00320"},{"key":"6801_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan, Z., Gong, Y., Zhao, P., Yuan, G., Niu, W., Wu, Y.. others (2021). Achieving on-mobile real-time super-resolution with neural architecture and pruning search. Proceedings of the ieee\/cvf international conference on computer vision (pp. 4821\u20134831).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00478"},{"key":"6801_CR29","unstructured":"Zhang, W., & Liang, Y. (2000). Mathematical foundation of genetic algorithms. Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Press, Xi\u2019an. Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Press."}],"container-title":["Machine Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10994-025-06801-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10994-025-06801-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10994-025-06801-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:03:32Z","timestamp":1781136212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10994-025-06801-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["6801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10994-025-06801-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-6125","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no Conflict of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethics approval is not applicable to the current research and manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Consent to participate is not applicable to the current research and manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent for publication is not applicable to the current research and manuscript.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"167"}}