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However, they still miss the fine-detailed structures that matter in industrial inspection, e.g., detecting sub-micron defects on a production line or analyzing chips with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In these scenarios, the sensor resolution is fixed and compute budgets are tight, so the only way to expose fine structure is to add zoomed-in images; yet, this breaks the multi-view consistency that pose-free NeRF training relies on. We propose Multi-Zoom Enhanced NeRF (MZEN), the first NeRF framework that\n                    <jats:italic>natively<\/jats:italic>\n                    handles multi-zoom image sets. MZEN (i) augments the pin-hole camera model with an explicit, learnable zoom parameter that scales the focal length, and (ii) introduces a novel pose estimation strategy: wide-field (i.e., zoomed-out) images are used first to establish a global metric frame, and the poses of zoomed-in images are then initialized to the nearest wide-field counterpart via a zoom-consistent crop-and-match procedure before joint refinement of both poses and the NeRF model. Across eight forward-facing scenes\u2014synthetic TCAD models, real SEM of micro-structures, and BLEFF objects\u2014MZEN consistently outperforms pose-free baselines and even high-resolution variants, boosting PSNR by up to\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$32 \\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , SSIM by\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$52 \\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , and reducing LPIPS by up to\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$400 \\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    . MZEN, therefore, extends NeRF to real-world factory settings, preserving global accuracy while capturing the micron-level details essential for industrial inspection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-026-07114-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:14:36Z","timestamp":1785413676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MZEN: Multi-zoom Enhanced NeRF for 3-D Reconstruction with Unknown Camera Poses"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Jong-Ik","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary K.","family":"Fedder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlee","family":"Joe-Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"7114_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183192","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3029127","volume":"8","author":"M Abd Al Rahman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abd Al Rahman, M., & Mousavi, A. 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