{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T16:55:39Z","timestamp":1777913739367,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]],"date-time":"2017-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504742400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minds & Machines"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-017-9445-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,11]],"date-time":"2017-09-11T11:11:18Z","timestamp":1505128278000},"page":"639-662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["The Political Economy of Death in the Age of Information: A Critical Approach to the Digital Afterlife Industry"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8887-5324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl","family":"\u00d6hman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Floridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"9445_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/13576275.2015.1085297","volume":"20","author":"L Aceti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aceti, L. (2015). Eternally present and eternally absent: The cultural politics of a thanatophobic Internet and its visual representations of artificial existences. Mortality, 20(4), 319\u2013333.","journal-title":"Mortality"},{"key":"9445_CR2","unstructured":"Alberti, S., & Hallam, E. (2013). Medical museums: Past, present, future. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/273506763_Medical_Museums_Past_Present_Future ."},{"key":"9445_CR3","unstructured":"Ambrosino, B. (2016). Facebook as a growing and unstoppable graveyard. BBC.com, March 14. http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/story\/20160313-the-unstoppable-rise-of-the-facebook-dead . Accessed 1 August 2016."},{"key":"9445_CR4","unstructured":"Brown, K. V. (2016). We calculated the year dead people on Facebook could outnumber the living. Fusion.net, April 3. http:\/\/fusion.net\/story\/276237\/the-number-of-dead-people-on-facebook-will-soon-outnumber-the-living\/ . Accessed 1 August 2016."},{"key":"9445_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brubaker, J. R., Hayes, G. R., & Dourish, P. (2013). Beyond the grave: Facebook as a site for the expansion of death and mourning. The Information Society, 29, 152\u2013163. Published with license by Taylor & Francis. ISSN: 0197-2243 print\/1087-6537. doi: 10.1080\/01972243.2013.777300 .","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2013.777300"},{"key":"9445_CR6","unstructured":"Carrol, E. (2015, Sep 26). Final revised UFADA now available. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.thedigitalbeyond.com\/2015\/09\/final-revised-ufada-now-available\/ ."},{"key":"9445_CR7","volume-title":"Your digital afterlife: When Facebook, Flickr and Twitter are your estate, what\u2019s your legacy?","author":"E Carrol","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carrol, E., & Romaro, J. (2011). Your digital afterlife: When Facebook, Flickr and Twitter are your estate, what\u2019s your legacy?. Berkeley, CA: New Riders."},{"issue":"4","key":"9445_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.5172\/hesr.2012.21.4.413","volume":"17","author":"E Carroll","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carroll, E., Romano, J., Carroll, E., Romano, J., Mitchell, L. M., Stephenson, P. H., et al. (2015). Your digital afterlives: Computational theories of life after death. Minds and Machines, 17(4), 363\u2013379. doi: 10.5172\/hesr.2012.21.4.413 .","journal-title":"Minds and Machines"},{"issue":"1","key":"9445_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/1472586X.2015.996397","volume":"30","author":"HJ Chung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chung, H. J. (2015). The reanimation of the digital (un)dead, or how to regenerate bodies in digital cinema. Visual Studies, 30(1), 54\u201367.","journal-title":"Visual Studies"},{"key":"9445_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2013.777309","volume":"2243","author":"SH Church","year":"2013","unstructured":"Church, S. H. (2013). Digital gravescapes: Digital memorializing on Facebook, 2243, 148\u2013189. doi: 10.1080\/01972243.2013.777309 .","journal-title":"Digital gravescapes: Digital memorializing on Facebook"},{"key":"9445_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Oliveira, J., Reis, L. P., & Amaral, L. (2015). Plataforms for digital heritage management. In 2015 10th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI) (pp. 1\u20136). IEEE. doi: 10.1109\/CISTI.2015.7170505 .","DOI":"10.1109\/CISTI.2015.7170505"},{"key":"9445_CR12","unstructured":"Death Reference Desk. (2012). 19,000 Facebook users die each day. Here is how FB\u2019s memorialization mode works, February 5. http:\/\/www.deathreferencedesk.org\/2012\/02\/05\/19000-facebook-users-die-each-day-here-is-how-fbs-memorialization-mode-works\/ . Accessed 1 August 2016."},{"key":"9445_CR13","unstructured":"Engel, J. (2015). Death in the digital age: Tech startups help us cope with mortality. Xonomy.com, October 28. http:\/\/www.xconomy.com\/boston\/2015\/10\/28\/deathin-the-digital-age-tech-startups-help-us-cope-with-mortality . Accessed 1 August 2016."},{"key":"9445_CR14","unstructured":"Eter9.com. (2016). About. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.eter9.com\/help\/about ."},{"key":"9445_CR15","unstructured":"Facebook. (2015). Adding a legacy contact, February 12. http:\/\/newsroom.fb.com\/news\/2015\/02\/adding-a-legacy-contact\/ . Accessed 1 August 2016."},{"key":"9445_CR16","unstructured":"Facebook. (2016). Memorialized accounts. https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/help\/1506822589577997 . Accessed 1 August 2016."},{"key":"9445_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199641321.001.0001","volume-title":"The ethics of information","author":"L Floridi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Floridi, L. (2013a). The ethics of information. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"9445_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-012-9413-4","volume":"19","author":"L Floridi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Floridi, L. (2013b). Distributed morality in an information society. Science and Engineering Ethics, 19(3), 727\u2013743. doi: 10.1007\/s11948-012-9413-4 .","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"9445_CR19","volume-title":"The fourth revolution\u2014How the infosphere is reshaping human reality","author":"L Floridi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Floridi, L. (2014). The fourth revolution\u2014How the infosphere is reshaping human reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9445_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-016-022","author":"L Floridi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Floridi, L. (2016). On human dignity as a foundation for the right to privacy. Philosophy and Technology. doi: 10.1007\/s13347-016-022 .","journal-title":"Philosophy and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9445_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2006.tb00304.x","volume":"11","author":"K Foot","year":"2005","unstructured":"Foot, K., Warnick, B., & Schneider, S. M. (2005). Web-based memorializing after September 11: Toward a conceptual framework. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(1), 72\u201396.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"key":"9445_CR22","unstructured":"Forbes. (2015). Top-earning dead celebrities 2015. Forbes.com. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/dead-celebrities\/#524884ce6a51 ."},{"key":"9445_CR23","unstructured":"Fowler, G. (2014). Online memorial services: After a death, celebrating a life online. The Wall Street Journal, January 28. http:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/SB10001424052702303553204579348752262042642 . Accessed 1 August 2016."},{"key":"9445_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.31269\/triplec.v11i2.461","volume":"11","author":"C Fuchs","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fuchs, C., & Sevignani, S. (2013). What is digital labour? What is digital work? What\u2019s their difference? And why do these questions matter for understanding social media? TripleC, 11, 237\u2013293.","journal-title":"TripleC"},{"issue":"3","key":"9445_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2013.777296","volume":"29","author":"C Graham","year":"2013","unstructured":"Graham, C., Gibbs, M., & Aceti, L. (2013). Introduction to the special issue on the death, afterlife, and immortality of bodies and data. The Information Society, 29(3), 133\u2013141. doi: 10.1080\/01972243.2013.777296 .","journal-title":"The Information Society"},{"key":"9445_CR26","unstructured":"Grimm, C., & Chiasson, S. (2014). Survey on the fate of digital footprints after death. Usec\u201914, (February). https:\/\/cs.carleton.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/tr\/TR-14-01.pdf . Accessed 1 August 2016."},{"key":"9445_CR27","unstructured":"Heavenote. (2016a). Create your first message. https:\/\/www.heavenote.com\/ . Accessed 1 August 2016."},{"key":"9445_CR28","unstructured":"Heavenote. (2016b). Why we all need a plan for our digital afterlife, May 6. https:\/\/www.heavenote.com\/blog\/why-we-all-need-a-plan-for-our-digital-afterlife\/ . Accessed 1 August 2016."},{"key":"9445_CR29","unstructured":"Horton, D., & Wohl, R. R. (2006). Mass communication and parasocial interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry [Online], 19. http:\/\/www.participations.org\/volume%203\/issue%201\/301hortonwohl.htm ."},{"key":"9445_CR30","unstructured":"International Council of Museums (ICOM). (1986). Code of professional ethics. http:\/\/archives.icom.museum\/1986code_eng.pdf . Accessed 1 August 2016."},{"key":"9445_CR31","unstructured":"Karppi, T. (2013). Death proof: On the biopolitics and noopolitics of memorializing dead Facebook profiles. Culture Machine, 14. Retrieved from: www.culturemachine.net\/index.php\/cm\/article\/download\/\u2026\/528 ."},{"key":"9445_CR32","unstructured":"Kern, R., Abbe, E. F., & Gil-Egui, G. (2013). \u2018R.I.P.: Remain in perpetuity. Facebook memorial pages.\u2019 Telematics and Informatics, 30, 2\u201310. http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0736585312000263 . Accessed 29 October 2012."},{"key":"9445_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-04093-6","volume-title":"The Onlife Manifesto: Being human in a hyperconnected era","author":"Y Laouris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Laouris, Y. (2015). The Onlife Manifesto. In L. Floridi (Ed.), The Onlife Manifesto: Being human in a hyperconnected era. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-04093-6 ."},{"issue":"3","key":"9445_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2013.777311","volume":"29","author":"J Lingel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lingel, J. (2013). The digital remains: Social media and practices of online grief. The Information Society, 29(3), 190\u2013195. doi: 10.1080\/01972243.2013.777311 .","journal-title":"The Information Society"},{"key":"9445_CR35","unstructured":"Marwick, A. (2013). Status update: Celebrity, publicity and branding in the social media age. Yale University Press. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt5vkzxr ."},{"key":"9445_CR36","unstructured":"Marx, K. (1999). A contribution to the critique of political economy. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/download\/Marx_Contribution_to_the_Critique_of_Political_Economy.pdf . Originally published 1859."},{"key":"9445_CR37","unstructured":"Marx, K. (2000). Economic and philosophic manuscripts of 1844. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/download\/pdf\/Economic-Philosophic-Manuscripts-1844.pdf . Originally published 1932."},{"key":"9445_CR38","unstructured":"Marx, K. (2015). Capital a critique of political economy volume I book one: The process of production of capital. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/download\/pdf\/Capital-Volume-I.pdf . Originally published 1876."},{"key":"9445_CR39","volume-title":"Delete: The virtue of forgetting in the digital age","author":"V Mayer-Sch\u00f6nberger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mayer-Sch\u00f6nberger, V. (2009). Delete: The virtue of forgetting in the digital age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"9445_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/ijlit\/eat012","volume":"22","author":"D McCallig","year":"2013","unstructured":"McCallig, D. (2013). Facebook after death: An evolving policy in a social network. International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 22(2), 107\u2013140. doi: 10.1093\/ijlit\/eat012 .","journal-title":"International Journal of Law and Information Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9445_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/13576275.2015.1083724","volume":"20","author":"J Meese","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meese, J., Nansen, B., Kohn, T., Arnold, M., & Gibbs, M. (2015). Posthumous personhood and the affordances of digital media. Mortality, 20(4), 408\u2013420. doi: 10.1080\/13576275.2015.1083724 .","journal-title":"Mortality"},{"key":"9445_CR42","unstructured":"Miller, R. (2016). Gmail has now 1 billion monthly active users. The Verge, February 1. http:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2016\/2\/1\/10889492\/gmail-1-billion-google-alphabet . Accessed 1 August 2016."},{"issue":"4","key":"9445_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.5172\/hesr.2012.21.4.413","volume":"21","author":"LM Mitchell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mitchell, L. M., Stephenson, P. H., Cadell, S., & Macdonald, M. E. (2012). Death and grief on-line: Virtual memorialization and changing concepts of childhood death and parental bereavement on the Internet. Health Sociology Review, 21(4), 413\u2013431. doi: 10.5172\/hesr.2012.21.4.413 .","journal-title":"Health Sociology Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"9445_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1215\/10679847-1538515","volume":"20","author":"A Montoya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Montoya, A. (2012). From \u201cthe people\u201d to \u201cthe human\u201d: HIV\/AIDS, neoliberalism, and the economy of virtue in contemporary Vietnam. Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique, 20(2), 561\u2013591.","journal-title":"Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique"},{"key":"9445_CR45","unstructured":"Neate, R. (2014). How celebrities can make millions after death: Meet the man with the formula. The Guardian, November 22. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/music\/2014\/nov\/22\/celebrities-millions-after-death-bob-marley-michael-jackson . Accessed 1 August 2016."},{"key":"9445_CR46","unstructured":"O\u2019brien, M. (2015, August 28). Who owns your digital afterlife? Mercurynews.com. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.mercurynews.com\/business\/ci_28721510\/who-owns-your-digital-afterlife ."},{"key":"9445_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pearson, M. P. (1999). The archaeology of death and burial. Texas A and M University Anthropology Series, (no 3), 250 pp. doi: 10.1086\/342438 .","DOI":"10.1086\/342438"},{"key":"9445_CR48","unstructured":"Roberts, J. (2016). Is this the most outrageous use of Snap Chat ever? Unilad.com. July 2. http:\/\/www.unilad.co.uk\/viral\/is-this-the-most-outrageous-use-of-snapchat-ever\/ . Accessed 1 August 2016."},{"issue":"3","key":"9445_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2013.77730","volume":"29","author":"A Sherlock","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sherlock, A. (2013). Larger than life: Digital resurrection and the re-enchantment of society. The Information Society, 29(3), 164\u2013176. doi: 10.1080\/01972243.2013.77730 .","journal-title":"The Information Society"},{"key":"9445_CR50","unstructured":"Smith, J. (2011). McAfee reveals average Internet user has more than $37,000 in underprotected digital assets, September 27. http:\/\/www.mcafee.com\/us\/about\/news\/2011\/q3\/20110927-01.aspx . Accessed 1 August 2016."},{"issue":"3","key":"9445_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-007-9068-0","volume":"17","author":"E Steinhart","year":"2007","unstructured":"Steinhart, E. (2007). Survival as a digital ghost. Minds and Machines, 17(3), 261\u2013271. doi: 10.1007\/s11023-007-9068-0 .","journal-title":"Minds and Machines"},{"issue":"3","key":"9445_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-011-0050-7","volume":"25","author":"P Stokes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stokes, P. (2012). Ghosts in the machine: DO the dead live on in facebook? Philosophy and Technology, 25(3), 363\u2013379. doi: 10.1007\/s13347-011-0050-7 .","journal-title":"Philosophy and Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9445_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-015-9379-4","volume":"17","author":"P Stokes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stokes, P. (2015). Deletion as second death: The moral status of digital remains. Ethics and Information Technology, 17(4), 1\u201312. doi: 10.1007\/s10676-015-9379-4 .","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9445_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793843012400148","volume":"4","author":"LS Swan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swan, L. S., & Howard, J. (2012). Digital immortality: Self or 0010110? International Journal of Machine Consciousness, 4(1), 245\u2013256. doi: 10.1142\/S1793843012400148 .","journal-title":"International Journal of Machine Consciousness"},{"key":"9445_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13576275.2014.993598","volume":"6275","author":"T Walter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Walter, T. (2015). Communication media and the dead: From the stone age to Facebook. Mortality: Promoting the Interdisciplinary Study of Death and Dying, 6275, 1\u201333. doi: 10.1080\/13576275.2014.993598 .","journal-title":"Mortality: Promoting the Interdisciplinary Study of Death and Dying"},{"key":"9445_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v19i6.499","author":"N Wright","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wright, N. (2014). Death and the Internet: The implications of the digital afterlife. First Monday. doi: 10.5210\/fm.v19i6.499 .","journal-title":"First Monday"}],"container-title":["Minds and Machines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11023-017-9445-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-017-9445-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-017-9445-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T05:21:45Z","timestamp":1570080105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11023-017-9445-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-017-9445-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-6495","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8641","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]]}}}