{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T11:31:17Z","timestamp":1776252677700,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]],"date-time":"2018-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minds &amp; Machines"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-018-9481-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,28]],"date-time":"2018-10-28T20:49:29Z","timestamp":1540759769000},"page":"645-666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Grounds for Trust: Essential Epistemic Opacity and Computational Reliabilism"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6482-0399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Formanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"190","key":"9481_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"M Ajelli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ajelli, M., Gon\u00e7alves, B., Balcan, D., Colizza, V., Hao, H., & Ramasco, J. J. (2010). Comparing large-scale computational approaches to epidemic modeling: Agent-based versus structured metapopulation models. BMC Infectious Diseases, 10(190), 1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"51","key":"9481_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21484","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906910106","volume":"106","author":"D Balcan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Balcan, D., Colizza, V., Gon\u00e7alves, B., Hu, H., Ramasco, J. J., & Vespignani, A. (2009). Multiscale mobility networks and the spatial spreading of infectious diseases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(51), 21484\u201321489.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"9481_CR3","volume-title":"Computer simulations and the changing face of scientific experimentation","author":"A Barberousse","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barberousse, A., & Vorms, M. (2013). Computer simulations and empirical data. In J. M. Dur\u00e1n & E. Arnold (Eds.), Computer simulations and the changing face of scientific experimentation. Barcelona: Cambridge Scholars Publishing."},{"key":"9481_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s13194-012-0049-7","volume":"2","author":"C Beisbart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beisbart, C. (2012). How can computer simulations produce new knowledge? European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 2, 395\u2013434.","journal-title":"European Journal for Philosophy of Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"9481_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s13194-017-0181-5","volume":"8","author":"C Beisbart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beisbart, C. (2017). Are computer simulations experiments? and if not, how are they related to each other? European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 8(2), 171\u2013204.","journal-title":"European Journal for Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"9481_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203165348","volume-title":"Philosophy of science","author":"A Bird","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bird, A. (1998). Philosophy of science. London: Routledge."},{"issue":"2","key":"9481_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-007-9061-7","volume":"17","author":"T Colburn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Colburn, T., & Shute, G. (2007). Abstraction in computer science. Minds and Machines, 17(2), 169\u2013184.","journal-title":"Minds and Machines"},{"key":"9481_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226113623.001.0001","volume-title":"Rethinking expertise","author":"H Collins","year":"2007","unstructured":"Collins, H., & Evans, R. (2007). Rethinking expertise. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"9481_CR9","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1n, J. M. (2014). Explaining simulated phenomena: A defense of the epistemic power of computer simulations. Ph.D. thesis, Universit\u00e4t Stuttgart."},{"issue":"1","key":"9481_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/02698595.2017.1370929","volume":"31","author":"JM Dur\u00e1n","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1n, J. M. (2017). Varying the explanatory span: scientific explanation for computer simulations. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 31(1), 27\u201345.","journal-title":"International Studies in the Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"9481_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-90882-3","volume-title":"Computer simulations in science and engineering. Concepts\u2013practices\u2013perspectives","author":"JM Dur\u00e1n","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1n, J. M. (2018). Computer simulations in science and engineering. Concepts\u2013practices\u2013perspectives. Berlin: Springer. ISBN Pending."},{"issue":"3","key":"9481_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-008-9438-z","volume":"169","author":"R Frigg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frigg, R., & Reiss, J. (2009). The philosophy of simulation: Hot new issues or same old stew? Synthese, 169(3), 593\u2013613.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"9481_CR13","volume-title":"Image and logic: A material culture of microphysics","author":"P Galison","year":"1997","unstructured":"Galison, P. (1997). Image and logic: A material culture of microphysics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"9481_CR14","series-title":"Wwinter 2016 edition","volume-title":"The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy","author":"A Goldman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goldman, A., & Beddor, B. (2016). Reliabilist epistemology. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy., Wwinter 2016 edition Stanford: Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University."},{"key":"9481_CR15","series-title":"Chapter what is justified belief?","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-9493-5_1","volume-title":"Justification and knowledge","author":"AI Goldman","year":"1979","unstructured":"Goldman, A. I. (1979). Justification and knowledge (pp. 1\u201323)., Chapter what is justified belief? Dordrecht: Springer."},{"issue":"10","key":"9481_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.5840\/jphil1988851016","volume":"85","author":"I Hacking","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hacking, I. (1988). On the stability of the laboratory sciences. The Journal of Philosophy, 85(10), 507\u2013514.","journal-title":"The Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"9481_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54469-4_6","volume-title":"Mathematics as a tool","author":"H Hasse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hasse, H., & Lenhard, J. (2017). Boon and bane: On the role of adjustable parameters in simulation models. In J. Lenhard & M. Carrier (Eds.), Mathematics as a tool (pp. 93\u2013115). Boston: Boston Studies in the History and Philosophy of the Sciences."},{"key":"9481_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0195158709.001.0001","volume-title":"Extending ourselves: Computational science, empiricism, and scientific method","author":"PW Humphreys","year":"2004","unstructured":"Humphreys, P. W. (2004). Extending ourselves: Computational science, empiricism, and scientific method. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"9481_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-008-9435-2","volume":"169","author":"PW Humphreys","year":"2009","unstructured":"Humphreys, P. W. (2009). The philosophical novelty of computer simulation methods. Synthese, 169(3), 615\u2013626.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"9481_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Humphreys, P. (2011). Computational science and its effects. In M. Carrier & A. Nordmann (Eds.), Science in the context of application (pp. 131\u2013142). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9051-5_9"},{"key":"9481_CR20","volume-title":"Computer simulations and the changing face of scientific experimentation","author":"PW Humphreys","year":"2013","unstructured":"Humphreys, P. W. (2013). What are data about? In J. M. Dur\u00e1n & E. Arnold (Eds.), Computer simulations and the changing face of scientific experimentation. Barcelona: Cambridge Scholars Publishing."},{"key":"9481_CR21","unstructured":"Kaminski, A., Resch, M., & Kster, U. (2017). Jahrbuch Technikphilosophie, chapter Mathematische Opazit\u00e4t. \u00dcber Rechtfertigung und Reproduziertbarkeit in ther Computersimulation, (pp. 257\u2013281). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft."},{"issue":"3","key":"9481_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/02698590802567324","volume":"22","author":"U Krohs","year":"2008","unstructured":"Krohs, U. (2008). How digital computer simulations explain real-world processes. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 22(3), 277\u2013292.","journal-title":"International Studies in the Philosophy of Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"9481_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsb.2010.07.001","volume":"41","author":"J Lenhard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lenhard, J., & Winsberg, E. (2010). Holism, entrenchment, and the future of climate model pluralism. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B\u2014Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 41(3), 253\u2013262. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.shpsb.2010.07.001\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B\u2014Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics"},{"issue":"4","key":"9481_CR24","first-page":"421","volume":"54","author":"R Levins","year":"1966","unstructured":"Levins, R. (1966). The strategy of model building in population biology. American Scientist, 54(4), 421\u2013431.","journal-title":"American Scientist"},{"key":"9481_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsb.2015.06.003","volume":"51","author":"M Massimi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Massimi, M., & Bhimji, W. (2015). Computer simulations and experiments: The case of the Higgs Boson. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 51, 71\u201381.","journal-title":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics"},{"key":"9481_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt5hjsnf.15","volume-title":"The Philosophy of Scientific Experimentation","author":"MS Morgan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Morgan, M. S. (2003). Experiments without material intervention. In H. Radder (Ed.), The Philosophy of Scientific Experimentation (pp. 216\u2013235). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"9481_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/13501780500086313","volume":"12","author":"MS Morgan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Morgan, M. S. (2005). Experiments versus models: New phenomena, inference and surprise. Journal of Economic Methodology, 12(2), 317\u2013329.","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Methodology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9481_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-008-9317-y","volume":"143","author":"M Morrison","year":"2009","unstructured":"Morrison, M. (2009). Models, measurement and computer simulation: The changing face of experimentation. Philosophical Studies, 143(1), 33\u201357.","journal-title":"Philosophical Studies"},{"key":"9481_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199380275.001.0001","volume-title":"Reconstructing reality. Models, mathematics, and simulations","author":"M Morrison","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morrison, M. (2015). Reconstructing reality. Models, mathematics, and simulations. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"#cr-split#-9481_CR30.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newman, J. (2015). Epistemic opacity, confirmation holism and technical debt: Computer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47286-7_18"},{"key":"#cr-split#-9481_CR30.2","unstructured":"simulation in the light of empirical software engineering. In F. Gadducci & M. Tavosanis (Eds.), History and Philosophy of Computing - Third International Conference, HaPoC 2015 (pp. 256-272). Springer."},{"key":"9481_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511760396","volume-title":"Verification and validation in scientific computing","author":"WL Oberkampf","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oberkampf, W. L., & Roy, C. J. (2010). Verification and validation in scientific computing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"9481_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-0421(02)00005-2","volume":"38","author":"WL Oberkampf","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oberkampf, W. L., & Trucano, T. G. (2002). Verification and validation in computational fluid dynamics. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 38, 209\u2013272.","journal-title":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"9481_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucengdes.2007.02.032","volume":"238","author":"WL Oberkampf","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oberkampf, W. L., & Trucano, T. G. (2008). Verification and validation benchmarks. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 238(3), 716\u2013743.","journal-title":"Nuclear Engineering and Design"},{"key":"9481_CR34","unstructured":"Oberkampf, W. L., Trucano, T. G., & Hirsch, C. (2003). Verification, validation, and predictive capability in computational engineering and physics. Technical report, Sandia National Laboratories."},{"issue":"3","key":"9481_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-008-9434-3","volume":"169","author":"WS Parker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Parker, W. S. (2009). Does matter really matters? Computer simulations, experiments, and materiality. Synthese, 169(3), 483\u2013496.","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"9481_CR36","volume-title":"Software engineering: theory and practice","author":"SL Pfleeger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pfleeger, S. L., & Atlee, J. M. (2009). Software engineering: theory and practice. New York: Prentice Hall."},{"issue":"3","key":"9481_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-014-0163-x","volume":"27","author":"J Symons","year":"2014","unstructured":"Symons, J., & Horner, J. (2014). Software intensive science. Philosophy & Technology, 27(3), 461\u2013477.","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9481_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.2307\/3027374","volume":"12","author":"T Tymoczko","year":"1981","unstructured":"Tymoczko, T. (1981). Computer use to computer proof: A rational reconstruction. The Two-Year College Mathematics Journal, 12(2), 120\u2013125.","journal-title":"The Two-Year College Mathematics Journal"},{"key":"9481_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199933662.001.0001","volume-title":"Simulation and similarity","author":"M Weisberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weisberg, M. (2013). Simulation and similarity. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9481_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1086\/367872","volume":"70","author":"E Winsberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Winsberg, E. (2003). Simulated experiments: Methodology for a virtual world. Philosophy of Science, 70, 105\u2013125.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"9481_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226902050.001.0001","volume-title":"Science in the age of computer simulation","author":"E Winsberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Winsberg, E. (2010). Science in the age of computer simulation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"9481_CR42","unstructured":"Zach, R. (2016). Hilbert\u2019s program. In E. N. Zalta\n (Ed.), The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Spring 2016 Edition). \n                    https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/spr2016\/entries\/hilbert-program\/\n                    \n                  ."}],"container-title":["Minds and Machines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11023-018-9481-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-018-9481-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-018-9481-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T20:15:36Z","timestamp":1572293736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11023-018-9481-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-018-9481-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-6495","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8641","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 May 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}