{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T03:43:11Z","timestamp":1771904591771,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]],"date-time":"2018-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minds & Machines"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-018-9485-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]],"date-time":"2018-12-17T03:40:38Z","timestamp":1545018038000},"page":"227-237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Computers Are Syntax All the Way Down: Reply to Boz\u015fahin"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"William J.","family":"Rapaport","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"9485_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-018-9469-2","volume":"28","author":"C Boz\u015fahin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boz\u015fahin, C. (2018). Computers aren\u2019t syntax all the waydown or content all the way up. Minds and Machines, 28(3), 543\u2013567.","journal-title":"Minds and Machines"},{"issue":"3","key":"9485_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00976283","volume":"3","author":"CE Cleland","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cleland, C. E. (1993). Is the Church-Turing thesis true? Minds and Machines, 3(3), 283\u2013312.","journal-title":"Minds and Machines"},{"key":"9485_CR3","unstructured":"Dennett, D. C. (2009). Darwin\u2019s \u2018strange inversion of reasoning\u2019. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 106(suppl. 1), 10061\u201310065. http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/cgi\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.0904433106 (see also Dennett 2013)."},{"key":"9485_CR4","unstructured":"Dennett, D. C. (2013). Turing\u2019s \u2018strange inversion of reasoning\u2019. In S.\u00a0B. Cooper & J.\u00a0van Leeuwen (Eds.), Alan Turing: His work and impact (pp. 569\u2013573). Amsterdam: Elsevier (see also Dennett 2009)."},{"key":"9485_CR5","unstructured":"Ehrlich, K. (1995). Automatic vocabulary expansion through narrative context. Technical report 95-09, SUNY Buffalo Dept. of Computer Science, Buffalo, NY."},{"key":"9485_CR6","unstructured":"Fodor, J. A. (1978). Tom Swift and his procedural grandmother. Cognition\u00a06, 229\u2013247. http:\/\/www.nyu.edu\/gsas\/dept\/philo\/courses\/mindsandmachines\/Papers\/tomswift.pdf ."},{"issue":"1","key":"9485_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00001771","volume":"3","author":"JA Fodor","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fodor, J. A. (1980). Methodological solipsism considered as a research strategy in cognitive psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(1), 63\u2013109.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"9485_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(90)90087-6","volume":"42","author":"S Harnad","year":"1990","unstructured":"Harnad, S. (1990). The symbol grounding problem. Physica D, 42, 335\u2013346.","journal-title":"Physica D"},{"key":"9485_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-014-0184-5","volume":"29","author":"RK Hill","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hill, R. K. (2016). What an algorithm is. Philosophy and Technology, 29, 35\u201359.","journal-title":"Philosophy and Technology"},{"key":"9485_CR10","unstructured":"Hill, R. K., & Rapaport, W. J. (2018). Exploring the territory: The logicist way and other paths into the philosophy of computer science. American Philosophical Association Newsletter on Philosophy and Computers,\u00a018(1), 34\u201337. https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/www.apaonline.org\/resource\/collection\/EADE8D52-8D02-4136-9A2A-729368501E43\/ComputersV18n1.pdf ."},{"key":"9485_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2307\/2026143","volume":"83","author":"F Jackson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary didn\u2019t know. Journal of Philosophy, 83, 291\u2013295.","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"9485_CR12","first-page":"1954","volume-title":"The story of my life","author":"H Keller","year":"1905","unstructured":"Keller, H. (1905). The story of my life (p. 1954). Garden City, NY: Doubleday."},{"key":"9485_CR13","unstructured":"Malory, S. T. (1470). Le Morte Darthur. New York: Collier Books, 1982. Ed. and trans. by R. M.\u00a0Lumiansky."},{"key":"9485_CR14","volume-title":"The Turing test: The elusive standard of artificial intelligence","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moor, J. H. (Ed.). (2003). The Turing test: The elusive standard of artificial intelligence. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic."},{"key":"9485_CR15","unstructured":"Rapaport, W.\u00a0J. (1986). Searle\u2019s experiments with thought. Philosophy of Science,\u00a053, 271\u2013279. http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/Papers\/philsci.pdf ."},{"key":"#cr-split#-9485_CR16.2","unstructured":"reprinted with numerous errors in Eric Dietrich (ed.) (1994), Thinking machines and virtual persons: Essays on the intentionality of machines (San Diego: Academic Press) (pp. 225-273)."},{"key":"9485_CR17","unstructured":"Rapaport, W.\u00a0J. (1995). Understanding understanding: Syntactic semantics and computational cognition. In J.\u00a0E. Tomberlin (Ed.), AI, connectionism, and philosophical psychology (Philosophical perspectives, Vol.\u00a09, pp. 49\u201388). Atascadero, CA: Ridgeview. http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/Papers\/rapaport95-uu.pdf . Reprinted in Toribio, Josefa, & Clark, Andy (eds.) (1998), Language and meaning in cognitive science: Cognitive issues and semantic theory (Artificial intelligence and cognitive science: Conceptual issues, Vol.\u00a04) (New York: Garland)."},{"key":"9485_CR18","unstructured":"Rapaport, W. J. (2000). How to pass a Turing test: Syntactic semantics, natural-language understanding, and first-person cognition. Journal of Logic, Language, and Information, 9(4), 467\u2013490. http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/Papers\/TURING.pdf . Reprinted in Moor, 2003, 161\u2013184."},{"key":"9485_CR19","unstructured":"Rapaport, W.\u00a0J. (2002). Holism, conceptual-role semantics, and syntactic semantics. Minds and Machines,\u00a012(1), 3\u201359. http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/Papers\/crs.pdf ."},{"key":"9485_CR20","unstructured":"Rapaport, W.\u00a0J. (2003). What is the \u2018context\u2019 for contextual vocabulary acquisition? In P.\u00a0P. Slezak (Ed.), Proceedings of the 4th international conference on cognitive science\/7th Australasian Society for cognitive science conference (ICCS\/ASCS-2003; Sydney, Australia) (Vol.\u00a02, pp.\u00a0547\u2013552). Sydney: University of New South Wales. http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/Papers\/context.auconf.pdf ."},{"key":"9485_CR21","unstructured":"Rapaport, W.\u00a0J. (2005). In defense of contextual vocabulary acquisition: How to do things with words in context. In A.\u00a0Dey, B.\u00a0Kokinov, D.\u00a0Leake, & R.\u00a0Turner (Eds.), Modeling and using context: 5th\u00a0international and interdisciplinary conference, CONTEXT\u00a005, Paris, France, July\u00a02005, Proceedings (pp. 396\u2013409). Berlin: Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 3554. https:\/\/cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/Papers\/35540396.pdf ."},{"key":"9485_CR22","unstructured":"Rapaport, W.\u00a0J. (2006). How Helen Keller used syntactic semantics to escape from a Chinese room. Minds and Machines,\u00a016, 381\u2013436. http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/Papers\/helenkeller.pdf (see reply to comments, in Rapaport 2011)."},{"key":"9485_CR23","unstructured":"Rapaport, W.\u00a0J. (2011). Yes, she was! Reply to Ford\u2019s \u2018Helen Keller was never in a Chinese room\u2019. Minds and Machines,\u00a021(1), 3\u201317. http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/Papers\/Papers.by.Others\/rapaport11-YesSheWas-MM.pdf ."},{"key":"9485_CR24","unstructured":"Rapaport, W.\u00a0J. (2012). Semiotic systems, computers, and the mind: How cognition could be computing. International Journal of Signs and Semiotic Systems,\u00a02(1), 32\u201371. http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/Papers\/Semiotic_Systems,_Computers,_and_the_Mind.pdf . Revised version published as Rapaport 2018."},{"key":"9485_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rapaport, W.\u00a0J. (2017a). On the relation of computing to the world. In T.\u00a0M. Powers (Ed.), Philosophy and computing: Essays in epistemology, philosophy of mind, logic, and ethics (pp. 29\u201364). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. Paper based on 2015 IACAP Covey Award talk; preprint at http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/Papers\/rapaport4IACAP.pdf .","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61043-6_3"},{"key":"9485_CR26","unstructured":"Rapaport, W.\u00a0J. (2017b). Semantics as syntax. American Philosophical Association Newsletter on Philosophy and Computers,\u00a017(1), 2\u201311. http:\/\/c.ymcdn.com\/sites\/www.apaonline.org\/resource\/collection\/EADE8D52-8D02-4136-9A2A-729368501E43\/ComputersV17n1.pdf ."},{"key":"9485_CR27","unstructured":"Rapaport, W.\u00a0J. (2018). Syntactic semantics and the proper treatment of computationalism. In M.\u00a0Danesi (Ed.), Empirical research on semiotics and visual rhetoric (pp. 128\u2013176). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. References on pp.\u00a0273\u2013307; http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/Papers\/SynSemProperTrtmtCompnlism.pdf . Revised version of Rapaport 2012."},{"key":"9485_CR28","unstructured":"Rapaport, W.\u00a0J. (2019). Philosophy of computer science. Current draft in progress at http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/Papers\/phics.pdf ."},{"key":"9485_CR29","unstructured":"Rapaport, W.\u00a0J., & Kibby, M.\u00a0W. (2002). Contextual vocabulary acquisition: A computational theory and educational curriculum. In N.\u00a0Callaos, A.\u00a0Breda, & M.\u00a0Y. Fernandez\u00a0J. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th world multiconference on systemics, cybernetics and informatics (SCI\u00a02002; Orlando, FL), Vol.\u00a0II: Concepts and applications of systemics, cybernetics, and informatics\u00a0I (pp. 261\u2013266). Orlando: International Institute of Informatics and Systemics. http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/Papers\/sci2002.tr.pdf ."},{"key":"9485_CR30","unstructured":"Rapaport, W.\u00a0J., & Kibby, M.\u00a0W. (2007). Contextual vocabulary acquisition as computational philosophy and as philosophical computation. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence,\u00a019(1), 1\u201317. http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/Papers\/cva-jetai.pdf ."},{"key":"9485_CR31","unstructured":"Rapaport, W.\u00a0J., & Kibby, M.\u00a0W. (2010). Contextual vocabulary acquisition: From algorithm to curriculum. http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/CVA\/reading4CgSJnl.pdf ."},{"key":"9485_CR32","unstructured":"Rapaport, W.\u00a0J., & Kibby, M.\u00a0W. (2014). Contextual vocabulary acquisition: From algorithm to curriculum. In A.\u00a0Palma (Ed.), Casta\u00f1eda and His Guises: Essays on the work of Hector-Neri Casta\u00f1eda (pp. 107\u2013150). Berlin: Walter de\u00a0Gruyter. http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/Papers\/reading4HNC.pdf ."},{"key":"9485_CR33","unstructured":"Rescorla, M. (2012). Are computational transitions sensitive to semantics? Australian Journal of Philosophy,\u00a090(4), 703\u2013721. http:\/\/www.philosophy.ucsb.edu\/docs\/faculty\/papers\/formal.pdf ."},{"key":"9485_CR34","unstructured":"Rescorla, M. (2014). The causal relevance of content to computation. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research,\u00a088(1), 173\u2013208. http:\/\/www.philosophy.ucsb.edu\/people\/profiles\/faculty\/cvs\/papers\/causalfinal.pdf ."},{"key":"9485_CR35","unstructured":"Searle, J.\u00a0R. (1990). Is the brain a digital computer? Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association,\u00a064(3), 21\u201337. Reprinted in slightly revised form as Searle 1992, Ch. 9."},{"key":"9485_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5834.001.0001","volume-title":"The rediscovery of the mind","author":"JR Searle","year":"1992","unstructured":"Searle, J. R. (1992). The rediscovery of the mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"9485_CR37","unstructured":"Shapiro, S.C., & Rapaport, W.\u00a0J. (1987). SNePS considered as a fully intensional propositional semantic network. In N.\u00a0Cercone and G.\u00a0McCalla (Eds.), The knowledge frontier: Essays in the representation of knowledge (pp. 262\u2013315). New York: Springer. https:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/676\/F01\/shapiro.rapaport.87.pdf ."},{"key":"9485_CR38","unstructured":"Shapiro, S.C., & Rapaport, W. J. (1992). The SNePS family. Computers and Mathematics with Applications,\u00a023, 243\u2013275. Reprinted in F. Lehmann (ed.), Semantic networks in artificial intelligence (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1992): 243\u2013275; http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/0898122192901436 ."},{"key":"9485_CR39","unstructured":"Shapiro, S.C., & Rapaport, W.\u00a0J. (1995). An introduction to a computational reader of narratives. In J.\u00a0F. Duchan, G.\u00a0A. Bruder, and L.\u00a0E. Hewitt (Eds.), Deixis in narrative: A cognitive science perspective (pp. 79\u2013105). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. http:\/\/www.cse.buffalo.edu\/~rapaport\/Papers\/shapiro.rapaport.95.pdf ."},{"key":"9485_CR40","unstructured":"Smith, B. C. (1987). The correspondence continuum. Technical report CSLI-87-71, Center for the Study of Language & Information, Stanford, CA."}],"container-title":["Minds and Machines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-018-9485-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11023-018-9485-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-018-9485-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T23:45:48Z","timestamp":1605656748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11023-018-9485-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-018-9485-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-6495","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8641","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 October 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}