{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T20:27:36Z","timestamp":1768076856922,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597190400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minds &amp; Machines"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Turing Test is routinely understood as a behaviourist test for machine intelligence. Diane Proudfoot (Rethinking Turing\u2019s Test,<jats:italic>Journal of Philosophy<\/jats:italic>, 2013) has argued for an alternative interpretation. According to Proudfoot, Turing\u2019s claim that intelligence is what he calls \u2018an emotional concept\u2019 indicates that he conceived of intelligence in response-dependence terms. As she puts it: \u2018Turing\u2019s criterion for \u201cthinking\u201d is\u2026: x is intelligent (or thinks) if in the actual world, in an unrestricted computer-imitates-human game, x appears intelligent to an average interrogator\u2019. The role of the famous test is thus to provide the conditions in which to examine the average interrogator\u2019s responses. I shall argue that Proudfoot\u2019s analysis falls short. The philosophical literature contains two main models of response-dependence, what I shall call the<jats:italic>transparency<\/jats:italic>model and the<jats:italic>reference<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>fixing<\/jats:italic>model. Proudfoot resists the thought that Turing might have endorsed one of these models to the exclusion of the other. But the details of her own analysis indicate that she is,<jats:italic>in fact<\/jats:italic>, committed to the claim that Turing\u2019s account of intelligence is grounded in a transparency model, rather than a reference-fixing one. By contrast, I shall argue that while Turing did indeed conceive of intelligence in response-dependence terms, his account is grounded in a reference-fixing model, rather than a transparency one. This is fortunate (for Turing), because, as an account of intelligence, the transparency model is arguably problematic in a way that the reference-fixing model isn\u2019t.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09533-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T06:02:35Z","timestamp":1597212155000},"page":"513-532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Deceptive Appearances: the Turing Test, Response-Dependence, and Intelligence as an Emotional Concept"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3638-1215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"9533_CR1","unstructured":"Braithwaite, R. B., Jefferson, G., Newman, M., & Turing, A. M. 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