{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T05:22:30Z","timestamp":1771824150278,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minds &amp; Machines"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The traditional Turing test appeals to an interrogator's judgement to determine whether or not their interlocutor is an intelligent agent. This paper argues that this kind of asymmetric experimental set-up is inappropriate for tracking a property such as intelligence because intelligence is grounded in part by symmetric relations of recognition between agents. In place, it proposes a reciprocal test which takes into account the judgments of both interrogators and competitors to determine if an agent is intelligent. This form of social interaction better tracks both the evolution of natural intelligence and how the concept of intelligence is actually used within our society. This new test is defended against the criticisms that a proof of intelligence requires a demonstration of self-consciousness and that semantic externalism entails that a non-embodied Turing test is inadequate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09552-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T03:02:21Z","timestamp":1607310141000},"page":"659-680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In Defence of a Reciprocal Turing Test"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Fintan","family":"Mallory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"9552_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2307\/2184371","volume":"90","author":"N Block","year":"1981","unstructured":"Block, N. (1981). Psychologism and behaviorism. Philosophical Review, 90, 5\u201343.","journal-title":"Philosophical Review"},{"key":"9552_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvfjczmk","volume-title":"A Spirit of Trust: A Reading of Hegel\u2019s Phenomenology of Spirit","author":"R Brandom","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brandom, R. (2019). A Spirit of Trust: A Reading of Hegel\u2019s Phenomenology of Spirit. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9552_CR3","unstructured":"Bringsjord S. (2009) If I Were Judge. In: Epstein R., Roberts G., Beber G. (eds) Parsing the Turing Test. Springer, Dordrecht"},{"key":"9552_CR4","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Modelling the mind","author":"D Davidson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Davidson, D. (1990). Turing\u2019s test. In K. A. Said, M. Said, W. H. Newton-Smith, R. Viale, & K. V. Wilkes (Eds.), Modelling the mind (pp. 1\u201311). Oxford, UK: Claredon Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"9552_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0001921X","volume":"8","author":"J Fodor","year":"1985","unstructured":"Fodor, J. (1985). Precis of The Modularity of Mind. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8(1), 1\u201342.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"9552_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01453-4","volume":"4","author":"R French","year":"2000","unstructured":"French, R. (2000). The Turing test: The first 50 years. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 115\u2013122.","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"9552_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/00048400701342996","volume":"85","author":"J Haukioja","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haukioja, J. (2007). How (not) to specify normal conditions for response-dependent concepts. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 85(2), 325\u2013331.","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"9552_CR8","first-page":"972","volume":"1","author":"P Hayes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hayes, P., & Ford, K. (1995). Turing test considered harmful. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Montreal, 1, 972\u2013977.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Montreal"},{"issue":"400","key":"9552_CR9","first-page":"586","volume":"100","author":"P Pettit","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pettit, P. (1991). Realism and response-dependence. Mind, 100(400), 586\u2013626.","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"9552_CR10","volume-title":"Parsing the Turing test","author":"H Loebner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Loebner, H. (2009). How to hold a Turing test contest. In R. Epstein, G. Roberts, & G. Beber (Eds.), Parsing the Turing test. Dordrecht: Springer."},{"issue":"7","key":"9552_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.5840\/jphil2013110722","volume":"110","author":"D Proudfoot","year":"2013","unstructured":"Proudfoot, D. (2013). Rethinking Turing\u2019s test. Journal of Philosophy, 110(7), 391\u2013411.","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"9552_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09534-7","author":"D Proudfoot","year":"2020","unstructured":"Proudfoot, D. (2020). Rethinking Turing\u2019s test and the philosophical implications. Minds & Machines. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-020-09534-7.","journal-title":"Minds & Machines"},{"key":"9552_CR13","unstructured":"Putnam, H. (1981). Brains in a vat. In Reason, truth and history (pp. 1\u201321). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"10","key":"9552_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.07.001","volume":"13","author":"T Regier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Regier, T., & Kay, P. (2009). Language, thought and color: Whorf was half right. Trends in Cognitive Science, 13(10), 439\u2013446.","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Science"},{"key":"9552_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008229619541","volume":"8","author":"P Schweizer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schweizer, P. (1998). The truly total Turing test. Minds and Machines, 8, 263\u2013272.","journal-title":"Minds and Machines"},{"key":"9552_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-012-9272-4","volume":"22","author":"P Schweizer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schweizer, P. (2012). The externalist foundations of a Truly Total Turing Test. Minds and Machines, 22, 191\u2013212.","journal-title":"Minds and Machines"},{"key":"9552_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00005756","volume":"3","author":"J Searle","year":"1980","unstructured":"Searle, J. (1980). Minds, brains and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, 417\u2013424.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"9552_CR18","volume-title":"Automata studies","year":"1956","unstructured":"Shannon, C., & McCarthy, J. (Eds.). (1956). Automata studies. Princeton: Princeton University Press."},{"key":"9552_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0068.2007.00636.x","volume":"41","author":"S Shieber","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shieber, S. (2007). The Turing test as Interactive Proof. Nous, 41, 33\u201360.","journal-title":"Nous"},{"key":"9552_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.2006","volume":"362","author":"K Sterelny","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sterelny, K. (2007). Social intelligence, human intelligence and niche construction. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 362, 719\u2013730.","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"9552_CR21","first-page":"410","volume-title":"The essential Turing","author":"AM Turing","year":"2004","unstructured":"Turing, A. M. (2004a). (1948) Intelligent machinery, national physical laboratory report, reproduced. In B. Copeland (Ed.), The essential Turing (pp. 410\u2013432). New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9552_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198250791.003.0017","volume-title":"The essential Turing","author":"AM Turing","year":"2004","unstructured":"Turing, A. M. (2004b). (1950a) Computing machinery and intelligence. In B. Copeland (Ed.), The essential Turing (pp. 433\u2013465). New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9552_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198250791.003.0018","volume-title":"The essential Turing","author":"AM Turing","year":"2004","unstructured":"Turing, A. M. (2004c). (1950b) Intelligent machinery: A heretical theory. In B. Copeland (Ed.), The essential Turing (pp. 465\u2013476). New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9552_CR24","first-page":"494","volume-title":"The essential Turing","author":"AM Turing","year":"2004","unstructured":"Turing, A. M., Braithwaite, R., Jefferson, G., & Newman, M. (2004). (1952) Can automatic calculating machines be said to think? BBC radio broadcast. In B. Copeland (Ed.), The essential Turing (pp. 494\u2013506). New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9552_CR25","unstructured":"Watt, S. (1996) Naive Psychology and the Inverted Turing Test. Psycoloquy 7(14)."},{"key":"9552_CR26","volume-title":"Computer power and human reason","author":"J Weizenbaum","year":"1976","unstructured":"Weizenbaum, J. (1976). Computer power and human reason. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company."}],"container-title":["Minds and Machines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-020-09552-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11023-020-09552-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-020-09552-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]],"date-time":"2024-08-18T16:45:29Z","timestamp":1723999529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11023-020-09552-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-020-09552-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-6495","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8641","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 November 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}