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Yet, there are still only a few relevant international regulations on them, no emergency patterns accepted by communities and Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), and no publicly accepted solutions to some of their pending ethical problems. Thus, this paper aims to provide some possible answers to these moral and practical dilemmas. In particular, we focus on what AVs should do in no-win scenarios and on who should be held responsible for these types of decisions. A naturalistic perspective on ethics informs our proposal, which, we argue, could represent a pragmatic and realistic solution to the regulation of AVs. We discuss the proposals already set out in the current literature regarding both policy-making strategies and theoretical accounts. In fact, we consider and reject descriptive approaches to the problem as well as the option of using either a strict deontological view or a solely utilitarian one to set AVs\u2019 ethical choices. Instead, to provide concrete answers to AVs\u2019 ethical problems, we examine three hierarchical levels of decision-making processes: country-wide regulations, OEM policies, and buyers\u2019 moral attitudes. By appropriately distributing ethical decisions and considering their practical implications, we maintain that our proposal based on ethical naturalism recognizes the importance of all stakeholders and allows the most able of them to take actions (the OEMs and buyers) to reflect on the moral leeway and weight of their options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-022-09604-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T20:48:07Z","timestamp":1654807687000},"page":"717-734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Ethics of Self-driving Cars: A Naturalistic Approach"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5499-8644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selene","family":"Arfini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Spinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Chiffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"9604_CR1","unstructured":"Aquinas, T. 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