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However, these <jats:italic>information artefacts<\/jats:italic>\u00a0often exhibit characteristics that compromise their reliability. This issue appears to stem from the neglect or underestimation of certain crucial aspects in the application of <jats:italic>Information Systems Design (ISD)<\/jats:italic>. For example, it is frequently difficult to prove when one of these products does not work\u00a0properly or works incorrectly (<jats:italic>falsifiability<\/jats:italic>), their usage is often left to subjective experience and\u00a0somewhat arbitrary choices (<jats:italic>anecdotes<\/jats:italic>), and their functions are often obscure for users\u00a0as well\u00a0as designers (<jats:italic>explainability<\/jats:italic>).\u00a0In this paper, we propose an approach that can be used to support the <jats:italic>analysis<\/jats:italic>\u00a0and <jats:italic>re-(design)<\/jats:italic>\u00a0of information systems grounded on a well-known theory of information, namely, <jats:italic>teleosemantics<\/jats:italic>. This approach emphasizes the importance of grounding the design and validation process on dependencies between four core components: the <jats:italic>producer (or designer)<\/jats:italic>, the <jats:italic>produced (or used) information system<\/jats:italic>, the <jats:italic>consumer (or user)<\/jats:italic>, and the <jats:italic>design (or use) purpose<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0We analyze the ambiguities and problems of considering these components separately.\u00a0We then present some possible ways in which they can be combined through the teleological approach. Also, we debate guidelines to prevent ISD from failing to address critical issues. Finally, we discuss perspectives on applications over real existing information technologies and some implications for explainable AI and ISD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-024-09673-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T10:02:06Z","timestamp":1718704926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Teleological Approach to Information Systems Design"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Mattia","family":"Fumagalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Ferrario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Guizzardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"9673_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52138","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2870052","volume":"6","author":"A Adadi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adadi, A., & Berrada, M. 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