{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:09:05Z","timestamp":1777385345023,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718236800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minds &amp; Machines"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is rising skepticism within public discourse about the nature of AI. By skepticism, I mean doubt about what we know about AI. At the same time, some AI speakers are raising the kinds of issues that usually really matter in analysis, such as issues relating to consent and coercion. This essay takes up the question of whether we should analyze a conversation differently because it is between a human and AI instead of between two humans and, if so, why. When is it okay, for instance, to read the phrases \u201cplease stop\u201d or \u201cplease respect my boundaries\u201d as meaning something other than what those phrases ordinarily mean \u2013 and what makes it so? If we ignore denials of consent, or put them in scare quotes, we should have a good reason. This essay focuses on two thinkers, Alan Turing and Stanley Cavell, who in different ways answer the question of whether it matters that a speaker is a machine. It proposes that Cavell\u2019s work on the problem of other minds, in particular Cavell\u2019s story in <jats:italic>The Claim of Reason <\/jats:italic>of an automaton whom he imagines meeting in a craftsman\u2019s garden, may be especially helpful in thinking about how to analyze what AI has to say.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-024-09676-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T13:58:01Z","timestamp":1718719081000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["In the Craftsman\u2019s Garden: AI, Alan Turing, and Stanley Cavell"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Marie Theresa","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"9676_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/13825577.2014.917003","volume":"18","author":"Y Abrioux","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abrioux, Y. (2014). Human Without Qualities: Or, can Alan Turing help us to acknowledge androids? European Journal of English Studies, 18(2), 135\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825577.2014.917003","journal-title":"European Journal of English Studies"},{"key":"9676_CR2","unstructured":"Butlin, P., Bengio, Y., Deane, G., Ji, X., Lindsay, G., Peters, M. A. K., Long R., Birch, J., Fleming, S. M., Kanai, R., Michel, M., Schwitzgebel, E., VanRullen, R., Elmoznino, E., Constant, A., Frith, C., Klein, C., Mudrik, L. &, Simon, J. (2023). Consciousness in Artificial Intelligence: Insights from the Science of Consciousness. arXiv:2308.08708. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2308.08708"},{"key":"9676_CR3","volume-title":"The claim of reason: Wittgenstein, skepticism, morality, and tragedy","author":"S Cavell","year":"1979","unstructured":"Cavell, S. (1979). The Claim of Reason: Wittgenstein, Skepticism, Morality, and Tragedy. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9676_CR4","volume-title":"Disowning knowledge in six plays of Shakespeare","author":"S Cavell","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cavell, S. (1987). Disowning Knowledge in Six Plays of Shakespeare. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"9676_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChatGPT is a black box: how AI research can break it open [Editorial]. (2023). Nature, 619, 671\u201372. doi: https:\/\/doi-org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu\/10.1038\/d41586-023-02366-2.","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-02366-2"},{"key":"9676_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Floyd, J. (2021). Selves and Forms of Life in the Digital Age: A Philosophical Exploration of Apparatgeist. In J. Katz et al. (Eds.), Perceiving the Future through New Communication Technologies (pp. 17\u201341). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-84883-5_3.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-84883-5_3"},{"key":"9676_CR7","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, B. (2024). The Turing Test Argument. Taylor & Francis Group. ProQuest Ebook Central, https:\/\/ebookcentral.proquest.com\/lib\/jhu\/detail.action?docID=30967730."},{"issue":"1","key":"9676_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1353\/nlh.2022.a898324","volume":"54","author":"NK Hayles","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hayles, N. K. (2023). Inside the Mind of an AI: Materiality and the Crisis of Representation. New Literary History, 54(1), 635\u2013666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/nlh.2022.a898324.","journal-title":"New Literary History"},{"key":"9676_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L. H. (2021). Wittgenstein in the Machine. Critical Inquiry, 47(3), 425\u2013455. https:\/\/doi-org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu\/10.1086\/713551.","DOI":"10.1086\/713551"},{"key":"9676_CR10","unstructured":"Lovecraft, H. P. (1936). At the Mountains of Madness, and Other Tales of Terror. New York: Ballantine Books."},{"key":"9676_CR11","unstructured":"Metz, C. (2023). Microsoft Says New A.I. Shows Signs of Human Reasoning. New York Times, Retrieved July 14, 2023 from https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/newspapers\/microsoft-says-new-ai-shows-signs-human-reasoning\/docview\/2814074691\/se-2?accountid=11752."},{"key":"9676_CR12","unstructured":"Roose, K. (2023a). Bing\u2019s A.I. Chat: \u2018I Want to Be Alive.\n                  \n                \u2019 New York Times, Retrieved July 14, 2023. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/02\/16\/technology\/bing-chatbottranscript.html?searchResultPosition=1."},{"key":"9676_CR13","unstructured":"Roose, K. (2023b). This Meme Symbolizes State of A.I. New York Times, B1\u20132."},{"key":"9676_CR14","unstructured":"Rose, S. (2023). Five ways AI could improve the world: \u201cWe can cure all diseases, stabilise our climate, halt poverty.\u201d The Guardian, p. 4. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/newspapers\/five-ways-ai-could-improve-world-we-can-cure-all\/docview\/2834163652\/se-2?accountid=11752."},{"key":"9676_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turing, A. M. (2004 [1950]). Computing Machinery and Intelligence. In S. M. Shieber (Ed.), The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence. pp. 67\u201395. The MIT Press. doi-org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu\/107551\/mitpress\/6928.001.0001","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6928.003.0012"}],"container-title":["Minds and Machines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-024-09676-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11023-024-09676-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-024-09676-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T13:11:17Z","timestamp":1723122677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11023-024-09676-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["9676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-024-09676-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1572-8641"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1572-8641","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Author declares that she has no conflict of interest or financial ties to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"22"}}