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There have been several attempts within the philosophy literature to define harm, but none of them has proven capable of dealing with the many examples that have been presented, leading some to suggest that the notion of harm should be abandoned and \u201creplaced by more well-behaved notions\u201d. As harm is generally something that is caused, most of these definitions have involved causality at some level. Yet surprisingly, none of them makes use of causal models and the definitions of actual causality that they can express. In this paper, which is an expanded version of the conference paper Beckers et al. (Adv Neural Inform Process Syst 35:2365\u20132376, 2022), we formally define a qualitative notion of harm that uses causal models and is based on a well-known definition of actual causality. The key features of our definition are that it is based on <jats:italic>contrastive<\/jats:italic> causation and uses a default utility to which the utility of actual outcomes is compared. We show that our definition is able to handle the examples from the literature, and illustrate its importance for reasoning about situations involving autonomous systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-024-09689-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]],"date-time":"2024-07-21T10:01:16Z","timestamp":1721556076000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Causal Analysis of Harm"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9202-0644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sander","family":"Beckers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Chockler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Y.","family":"Halpern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"9689_CR1","unstructured":"BBC News (2022). \u201cSelf-driving\u201d cars to be allowed on UK roads this year. https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/technology-56906145."},{"key":"9689_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10992-021-09601-z","volume":"50","author":"S Beckers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beckers, S. (2021). Causal sufficiency and actual causation. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 50, 1341\u20131374.","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophical Logic"},{"key":"9689_CR3","first-page":"2365","volume":"35","author":"S Beckers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beckers, S., Chockler, H., & Halpern, J. Y. (2022). A causal analysis of harm. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 35, 2365\u20132376.","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"9689_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beckers, S., Chockler, H. & Halpern, J.Y. (2023). Quantitative harm. In: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2023), pp. 363\u2013371.","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2023\/41"},{"key":"9689_CR5","unstructured":"Beckers, S., Eberhardt, F. & Halpern, J.Y. (2019). Approximate causal models. In: Proc.\u00a035th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI 2019). 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