{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T10:24:33Z","timestamp":1756635873211,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]],"date-time":"2024-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]],"date-time":"2024-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003483","name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003483","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minds &amp; Machines"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Should the input data of artificial intelligence (AI) systems include factors such as race or sex when these factors may be indicative of morally significant facts? More importantly, is it wrong to rely on the output of AI tools whose input includes factors such as race or sex? And is it wrong to rely on the output of AI systems when it is correlated with factors such as race or sex (whether or not its input includes such factors)? The answers to these questions are controversial. In this paper, I argue for the following claims.\u00a0First, since factors such as race or sex are not morally significant in themselves, including such factors in the input data, or relying on output that includes such factors or is correlated with them, is neither objectionable (for example, unfair) nor commendable in itself. Second, sometimes (but not always) there are derivative reasons against such actions due to the relationship between factors such as race or sex and facts that are morally significant (ultimately) in themselves. Finally, even if there are such derivative reasons, they are not necessarily decisive since there are sometimes also countervailing reasons. Accordingly, the moral status of the above actions is contingent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-024-09702-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]],"date-time":"2024-11-02T12:04:13Z","timestamp":1730549053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Artificial Intelligence, Discrimination, Fairness, and Other Moral Concerns"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4723-3613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Re\u2019em","family":"Segev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"9702_CR1","first-page":"95","volume":"59","author":"M Bagaric","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bagaric, M., Svilar, J., Bull, M., Hunter, D., & Stobbs, N. (2022). The solution to the pervasive bias and discrimination in the criminal justice system: Transparent and fair artificial intelligence. American Criminal Law Review, 59, 95\u2013148.","journal-title":"American Criminal Law Review"},{"key":"9702_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.2307\/3202421","volume":"89","author":"SR Bagenstos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bagenstos, S. R. (2003). Rational discrimination, accommodation, and the politics of (disability) civil rights. Virginia Law Review, 89, 825\u2013923.","journal-title":"Virginia Law Review"},{"key":"9702_CR3","first-page":"2337","volume":"55","author":"JR Bambauer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bambauer, J. R., Zarsky, T., & Mayer, J. (2022). When a small change makes a big difference: Algorithmic fairness among similar individuals. UC Davis Law Review, 55, 2337\u20132419.","journal-title":"UC Davis Law Review"},{"key":"9702_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barabas, C. (2020). Beyond bias: Ethical AI in criminal law. In M. D. Dubber, F. Pasquale, & S. Das (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of AI (pp. 737\u2013753). Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190067397.013.47"},{"key":"9702_CR5","first-page":"671","volume":"104","author":"S Barocas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barocas, S., & Selbst, A. D. (2016). Big data\u2019s disparate impact. California Law Review, 104, 671\u2013732.","journal-title":"California Law Review"},{"key":"9702_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-022-09615-9","volume":"32","author":"F Beigang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beigang, F. (2022). On the advantages of distinguishing between predictive and allocative fairness in algorithmic decision-making. Minds & Machines, 32, 655\u2013682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-022-09615-9","journal-title":"Minds & Machines"},{"key":"9702_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/papa.12214","volume":"51","author":"F Beigang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beigang, F. (2023). Reconciling algorithmic fairness criteria. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 51, 166\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papa.12214","journal-title":"Philosophy & Public Affairs"},{"key":"9702_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Shahar, O., & Porat, A. (2021). Personalized law: Different rules for different people. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780197522813.001.0001"},{"key":"9702_CR9","unstructured":"Broome, J. (1991). Weighing goods: Equality, uncertainty and time. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9702_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Broome, J. (1991A). Fairness. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 91, 87\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aristotelian\/91.1.87","DOI":"10.1093\/aristotelian\/91.1.87"},{"key":"9702_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-023-00197-0","volume":"3","author":"AN Carey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carey, A. N., & Wu, X. (2023). The statistical fairness field guide: Perspectives from social and formal sciences. AI & Ethics, 3, 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-023-00197-0","journal-title":"AI & Ethics"},{"key":"9702_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s11158-022-09553-7","volume":"29","author":"C Castro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Castro, C., O\u2019Brien, D., & Schwan, B. (2023). Egalitarian machine learning. Res Publica, 29, 237\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11158-022-09553-7","journal-title":"Res Publica"},{"key":"9702_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cen, S. H. (2022). The right to be an exception in data-driven decision-making. MIT.","DOI":"10.21428\/2c646de5.a15f7255"},{"key":"9702_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cossette-Lefebvre, H., & Maclure, J. (2023). AI\u2019s fairness problem: Understanding wrongful discrimination in the context of automated decision-making. AI & Ethics, 1255\u20131269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43681-022-00204-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-022-00204-1"},{"key":"9702_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1017\/can.2021.54","volume":"52","author":"K Creel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Creel, K., & Hellman, D. (2022). The algorithmic leviathan: Arbitrariness, fairness, and opportunity in algorithmic decision-making systems. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 52, 26\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/can.2021.54","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"9702_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Danks, D., & London, A. J. (2017). Algorithmic bias in autonomous systems. Proceedings of the 26th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/703","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/703"},{"key":"9702_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eidelson, B. (2015). Discrimination and Disrespect. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198732877.001.0001"},{"key":"9702_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/papa.12215","volume":"50","author":"B Eva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eva, B. (2022). Algorithmic fairness and base rate tracking. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 50, 239\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papa.12215","journal-title":"Philosophy & Public Affairs"},{"key":"9702_CR19","first-page":"107","volume":"5","author":"OM Fiss","year":"1976","unstructured":"Fiss, O. M. (1976). Groups and the equal protection clause. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 5, 107\u2013177.","journal-title":"Philosophy & Public Affairs"},{"key":"9702_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/ojls\/gqz003","volume":"39","author":"MP Foran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Foran, M. P. (2019). Discrimination as an individual wrong. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 39, 901\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ojls\/gqz003","journal-title":"Oxford Journal of Legal Studies"},{"key":"9702_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352325221000121","volume":"28","author":"MP Foran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Foran, M. P. (2022). Grounding unlawful discrimination. Legal Theory, 28, 3\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1352325221000121","journal-title":"Legal Theory"},{"key":"9702_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geslevich Packin, N., & Lev Aretz, Y. (2018). Learning algorithms and discrimination. In W. Barfield, & U. Pagallo (Eds.), Research handbook of artificial intelligence and law (pp. 88\u2013113). Elgar Publishing.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781786439055.00014"},{"key":"9702_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5553\/NJLP\/221307132014043002002","volume":"43","author":"A Gosseries","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gosseries, A. (2014). What makes age discrimination special? A philosophical look at the ECJ case law. Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, 43, 59\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5553\/NJLP\/221307132014043002002","journal-title":"Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy"},{"key":"9702_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/papa.12211","volume":"49","author":"B Hedden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hedden, B. (2021). On statistical criteria of algorithmic fairness. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 49, 209\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papa.12211","journal-title":"Philosophy & Public Affairs"},{"key":"9702_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-021-01153-y","volume":"37","author":"B Heinrichs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heinrichs, B. (2022). Discrimination in the age of artificial intelligence. AI & Society, 37, 143\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-021-01153-y","journal-title":"AI & Society"},{"key":"9702_CR26","unstructured":"Hellman, D. (2008). When is discrimination wrong? Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9702_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3296522","volume":"106","author":"D Hellman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hellman, D. (2020). Measuring algorithmic fairness. Virginia Law Review, 106, 811\u2013866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3296522","journal-title":"Virginia Law Review"},{"key":"9702_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"S Hoffman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoffman, S., & Podgurski, A. (2020). Artificial intelligence and discrimination in health care. Yale Journal of Health Policy Law and Ethics, 19, 1\u201349.","journal-title":"Yale Journal of Health Policy Law and Ethics"},{"key":"9702_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-023-00570-w","volume":"36","author":"S Holm","year":"2023","unstructured":"Holm, S. (2023). Egalitarianism and algorithmic fairness. Philosophy & Technology, 36, 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-023-00570-w","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"key":"9702_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10677-005-0365-0","volume":"8","author":"B Hooker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hooker, B. (2005). Fairness. Ethical Theory & Moral Practice, 8, 329\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10677-005-0365-0","journal-title":"Ethical Theory & Moral Practice"},{"key":"9702_CR31","first-page":"1043","volume":"68","author":"AZ Huq","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huq, A. Z. (2019). Racial equity in algorithmic criminal justice. Duke Law Journal, 68, 1043\u20131134.","journal-title":"Duke Law Journal"},{"key":"9702_CR32","first-page":"611","volume":"106","author":"AZ Huq","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huq, A. Z. (2020). A right to a human decision. Virginia Law Review, 106, 611\u2013688.","journal-title":"Virginia Law Review"},{"key":"9702_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/can.2021.49","volume":"52","author":"R Jorgensen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jorgensen, R. (2022). Algorithms and the individual in criminal law. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 52, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/can.2021.49","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"9702_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaitan, T. (2018). Indirect discrimination. In K. Lippert-Rasmussen (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of the Ethics of Discrimination (pp. 30\u201341). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315681634-4"},{"key":"9702_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/jla\/laz001","volume":"10","author":"J Kleinberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kleinberg, J., Ludwig, J., Mullainathan, S., & Sunstein, C. R. (2018). Discrimination in the age of algorithms. Journal of Legal Analysis, 10, 113\u2013174.","journal-title":"Journal of Legal Analysis"},{"key":"9702_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.5840\/soctheorpract200935324","volume":"35","author":"K Lippert-Rasmussen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lippert-Rasmussen, K. (2009). Reaction qualifications revisited. Social Theory & Practice, 35, 413\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5840\/soctheorpract200935324","journal-title":"Social Theory & Practice"},{"key":"9702_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lippert-Rasmussen, K. (2014). Born free and equal? A philosophical inquiry into the nature of discrimination. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199796113.001.0001"},{"key":"9702_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11158-021-09525-5","volume":"29","author":"K Lippert-Rasmussen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lippert-Rasmussen, K. (2022). Using (un)fair algorithms in an unjust world. Res Publica, 29, 283\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11158-021-09525-5","journal-title":"Res Publica"},{"key":"9702_CR38","unstructured":"Lippert-Rasmussen, K. (2014A). Indirect discrimination is not necessarily unjust. Journal of Practical Ethics, 2, 33\u201357."},{"key":"9702_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Loi, M., & Heitz, C. (2022). Is calibration a fairness requirement? An argument from the point of view of moral philosophy and decision theory. In Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT \u201822). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3531146.3534639","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3534639"},{"key":"9702_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11017-023-09581-y","volume":"44","author":"L Lorusso","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lorusso, L., & Bacchini, F. (2023). The indispensability of race in medicine. Theoretical Medicine & Bioethics, 44, 421\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11017-023-09581-y","journal-title":"Theoretical Medicine & Bioethics"},{"key":"9702_CR42","first-page":"2218","volume":"128","author":"SG Mayson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mayson, S. G. (2019). Bias in, bias out. The Yale Law Journal, 128, 2218\u20132300.","journal-title":"The Yale Law Journal"},{"key":"9702_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00950","volume":"39","author":"SG Murray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murray, S. G., Wachter, R. M., & Cucina, R. J. (2020). Discrimination by artificial intelligence in a commercial electronic health record \u2013 A case study. Health Affairs, 39, 756\u2013761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00950","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"issue":"3","key":"9702_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocac242","volume":"30","author":"T Oikonomidi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oikonomidi, T., Norman, G., McGarrigle, L., Stokes, J., van der Veer, S. N., & Dowding, D. (2023). Predictive model-based interventions to reduce outpatient no-shows: A rapid systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 30(3), 559\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocac242","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"key":"9702_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1017\/cjlj.2020.14","volume":"34","author":"M Pinto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pinto, M. (2021). Arbitrariness as discrimination. Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence, 34, 391\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cjlj.2020.14","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence"},{"key":"9702_CR46","first-page":"1257","volume":"105","author":"AER Prince","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prince, A. E. R., & Schwarcz, D. (2020). Proxy discrimination in the age of artificial intelligence and big data. Iowa Law Review, 105, 1257\u20131318.","journal-title":"Iowa Law Review"},{"key":"9702_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.5406\/21521123.60.2.07","volume":"60","author":"D Purves","year":"2023","unstructured":"Purves, D., & Davis, J. (2023). Should algorithms that predict recidivism have access to race? American Philosophical Quarterly, 60, 201\u2013216.","journal-title":"American Philosophical Quarterly"},{"key":"9702_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31482-6","volume":"13","author":"MA Ricci Lara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ricci Lara, M. A., Rodrigo Echeveste, M. A., & Ferrante, E. (2022). Addressing fairness in artificial intelligence for medical imaging. Nature Communications, 13, 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-31482-6","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"9702_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segev, R. (2018). Discrimination and law enforcement. In K. Lippert-Rasmussen (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of the Ethics of Discrimination (pp. 324\u2013334). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315681634-32"},{"key":"9702_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1163\/17455243-20203273","volume":"18","author":"R Segev","year":"2021","unstructured":"Segev, R. (2021). General versus special theories of discrimination. The Journal of Moral Philosophy, 18, 265\u2013298.","journal-title":"The Journal of Moral Philosophy"},{"key":"9702_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/jrls\/jlac009","volume":"25","author":"R Segev","year":"2022","unstructured":"Segev, R. (2022). Is the philosophy of discrimination special? Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies, 25, 96\u2013127.","journal-title":"Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies"},{"key":"9702_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/0731129X.2023.2225995","volume":"42","author":"R Segev","year":"2023","unstructured":"Segev, R. (2023). Actions, agents, and consequences. Criminal Justice Ethics, 42, 99\u2013132.","journal-title":"Criminal Justice Ethics"},{"key":"9702_CR53","unstructured":"Segev, R. Forthcoming. The moral status of input and output discrimination. AI & Ethics."},{"key":"9702_CR54","first-page":"611","volume":"82","author":"M Selmi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Selmi, M. (2021). Algorithms, discrimination and the law. Ohio State Law Journal, 82, 611\u2013651.","journal-title":"Ohio State Law Journal"},{"key":"9702_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-021-00477-0","volume":"35","author":"R Shanklin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shanklin, R., Samorani, M., Harris, S., & Santoro, M. A. (2022). Ethical redress of racial inequities in AI: Lessons from decoupling machine learning from optimization in medical appointment scheduling. Philosophy & Technology, 35, 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-021-00477-0","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"key":"9702_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temkin, L. (2011). Justice, equality, fairness, desert, rights, free will, responsibility, and luck. In C. Knight, & Z. Stemplowska (Eds.), Responsibility and distributive justice (pp. 51\u201376). Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199565801.003.0003"},{"key":"9702_CR58","first-page":"371","volume":"40","author":"C Thomas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thomas, C., & Pont\u00f3n-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, A. (2022). Automating judicial discretion: How algorithmic risk assessment in pretrial adjudications violate equal protection rights on the basis of race. Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality, 40, 371\u2013407.","journal-title":"Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality"},{"key":"9702_CR57","first-page":"1","volume":"126","author":"KP Tobia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tobia, K. P. (2017). Disparate statistics. Yale Law Journal, 126, 1\u201338.","journal-title":"Yale Law Journal"},{"key":"9702_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2020.3002181","volume":"53","author":"T van Nuenen","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Nuenen, T., Ferrer, X., Such, J. M., & Cote, M. (2020). Transparency for whom? Assessing discriminatory artificial intelligence. Computer, 53, 36\u201344.","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"9702_CR60","first-page":"1375","volume":"89","author":"TZ Zarsky","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zarsky, T. Z. (2014). Understanding discrimination in the scored society. Washington Law Review, 89, 1375\u20131412.","journal-title":"Washington Law Review"},{"key":"9702_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243915605575","volume":"41","author":"TZ Zarsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zarsky, T. Z. (2016). The trouble with algorithmic decisions: an analytic road map to examine efficiency and fairness in automated and opaque decision making. Science Technology & Human Values, 41, 118\u2013132.","journal-title":"Science Technology & Human Values"},{"key":"9702_CR62","unstructured":"Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. (2018). Discrimination, artificial intelligence, and algorithmic decision-making. In E. Selinger, J. Polonetsky, & O. Tene (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Consumer Privacy (pp. 100\u2013121). Cambridge University Press."}],"container-title":["Minds and Machines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-024-09702-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11023-024-09702-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-024-09702-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T07:13:10Z","timestamp":1731654790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11023-024-09702-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-024-09702-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1572-8641"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1572-8641"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author declares none.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"44"}}