{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T18:15:16Z","timestamp":1769105716677,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU Cyber Direct - EU Cyber Diplomacy Initiative"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minds & Machines"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-025-09741-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T13:12:50Z","timestamp":1754917970000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Myth, Power, and Agency: Rethinking Artificial Intelligence, Geopolitics and War"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1412-582X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca","family":"Csernatoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Broeders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lise H.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marijn","family":"Hoijtink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ingvild","family":"Bode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jon R.","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elke","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"9741_CR1","volume-title":"Giving a damn: Essays in dialogue with John Haugeland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adams, Z., & Browning, J. (Eds.). (2016). Giving a damn: Essays in dialogue with John Haugeland. MIT Press."},{"key":"9741_CR2","volume-title":"Prediction machines: The simple economics of artificial intelligence","author":"A Agrawal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agrawal, A., Gans, J., & Goldfarb, A. (2018). Prediction machines: The simple economics of artificial intelligence. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9741_CR3","volume-title":"The economics of artificial intelligence: An agenda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Agrawal, A., Gans, J., & Goldfarb, A. (Eds.). (2019). The economics of artificial intelligence: An agenda. University of Chicago Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"9741_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.30.1.109","volume":"30","author":"LM Ahearn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ahearn, L. M. (2001). Language and agency. Annual Review of Anthropology, 30(1), 109\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.anthro.30.1.109","journal-title":"Annual Review of Anthropology"},{"key":"9741_CR107","unstructured":"Altman, S. (2024). The Intelligence Age. https:\/\/ia.samaltman.com\/"},{"key":"9741_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv11g97wm","volume-title":"Cloud ethics: Algorithms and the attributes of ourselves and others","author":"L Amoore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amoore, L. (2020). Cloud ethics: Algorithms and the attributes of ourselves and others. Duke University Press."},{"key":"9741_CR6","unstructured":"Anders, G. (2019). Apocalypse Without Kingdom. e-flux journal 97 (February). https:\/\/www.e-flux.com\/journal\/97\/251199\/apocalypse-without-kingdom\/"},{"key":"9741_CR7","unstructured":"Andreessen, M. (2023). The Techno-Optimist Manifesto. Andreessen Horowitz. https:\/\/a16z.com\/the-techno-optimist-manifesto\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"9741_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/14650045.2020.1853103","volume":"27","author":"C Aradau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aradau, C. (2022). Experimentality, surplus data and the politics of debilitation in borderzones. Geopolitics, 27(1), 26\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14650045.2020.1853103","journal-title":"Geopolitics"},{"key":"9741_CR9","unstructured":"Arnel, D., and Jensen, B. M. (2024, July 8). NATO and Prototyping Warfare. https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/nato-and-prototyping-warfare"},{"issue":"1","key":"9741_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.5324\/njsts.v2i1.2130","volume":"2","author":"K Asdal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asdal, K., & Ween, G. (2014). Writing nature. Nordic Journal of Science and Technology Studies, 2(1), 4\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5324\/njsts.v2i1.2130","journal-title":"Nordic Journal of Science and Technology Studies"},{"key":"9741_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2138826","author":"TA Bach","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bach, T. A., Khan, A., Hallock, H., Beltr\u00e3o, G., & Sousa, S. (2022). A systematic literature review of user trust in AI-enabled systems: An HCI perspective. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2022.2138826","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"2","key":"9741_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/0967010614521267","volume":"45","author":"J Bachmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bachmann, J. (2014). Policing Africa: The US Military and Visions of Crafting \u2018Good Order.\u2019 Security Dialogue, 45(2), 119\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0967010614521267","journal-title":"Security Dialogue"},{"issue":"6","key":"9741_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(83)90046-8","volume":"19","author":"L Bainbridge","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bainbridge, L. (1983). Ironies of automation. Automatica, 19(6), 775\u2013779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-1098(83)90046-8","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"issue":"3","key":"9741_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1086\/345321","volume":"28","author":"K Barad","year":"2003","unstructured":"Barad, K. (2003). Posthumanist performativity: Toward an understanding of how matter comes to matter. Signs (Chicago), 28(3), 801\u2013831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/345321","journal-title":"Signs (Chicago)"},{"key":"9741_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1nzfgns","volume-title":"The work of art in the age of its technological reproducibility, and other writings on media","author":"W Benjamin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Benjamin, W. (2008). The work of art in the age of its technological reproducibility, and other writings on media. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9741_CR16","unstructured":"Bergengruen, V. (2024, February 8). How Tech Giants Turned Ukraine Into an AI War Lab. TIME, https:\/\/time.com\/6691662\/ai-ukraine-war-palantir\/"},{"key":"9741_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-024-01866-7","author":"A Blanchard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Blanchard, A., Thomas, C., & Taddeo, M. (2024). Ethical governance of artificial intelligence for defence: Normative tradeoffs for principle to practice guidance. AI and SocieTy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-024-01866-7","journal-title":"AI and SocieTy"},{"issue":"4","key":"9741_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1177\/13540661231163392","volume":"29","author":"I Bode","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bode, I. (2023). Practice-based and public-deliberative normativity: Retaining human control over the use of force. European Journal of International Relations, 29(4), 990\u20131016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13540661231163392","journal-title":"European Journal of International Relations"},{"issue":"1","key":"9741_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13600826.2023.2263473","volume":"38","author":"I Bode","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bode, I., Huelss, H., Nadibaidze, A., Qiao-Franco, G., & Watts, T. F. A. (2024). Algorithmic warfare: Taking stock of a research programme. Global Society, 38(1), 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13600826.2023.2263473","journal-title":"Global Society"},{"key":"9741_CR20","volume-title":"Meaning-less human control. The consequences of automation and autonomy in air defence systems","author":"I Bode","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bode, I., & Watts, T. (2021). Meaning-less human control. The consequences of automation and autonomy in air defence systems. Drone Wars UK & Center for War Studies."},{"key":"9741_CR21","unstructured":"Boyle, K. (2023). American Dynamism: Katherine Boyle (a16z) at Shift\u2019s Defense Ventures Summit. YouTube, 20 November. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=a7Yae3Di6zY"},{"issue":"3","key":"9741_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2013.70","volume":"28","author":"JM Bradshaw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bradshaw, J. M., Hoffman, R. R., Johnson, M., & Woods, D. D. (2013). The seven deadly myths of \u201cAutonomous Systems.\u201d IEEE Intelligent Systems, 28(3), 54\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MIS.2013.70","journal-title":"IEEE Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"9741_CR23","unstructured":"Center for AI Safety (2024). Statement on AI Risk, https:\/\/www.safe.ai\/work\/statement-on-ai-risk"},{"key":"9741_CR24","volume-title":"The pursuit of the millennium: Revolutionary millenarians and mystical anarchists of the middle ages","author":"N Cohn","year":"1970","unstructured":"Cohn, N. (1970). The pursuit of the millennium: Revolutionary millenarians and mystical anarchists of the middle ages. Pimlico."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"9741_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/1357034X12446380","volume":"18","author":"M Cooper","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cooper, M. (2012). The pharmacology of distributed experiment \u2013 User-generated drug innovation. Body & Society, 18(3\u20134), 18\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1357034X12446380","journal-title":"Body & Society"},{"key":"9741_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12987\/9780300252392","volume-title":"The atlas of AI: Power, politics, and the planetary costs of artificial intelligence","author":"K Crawford","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crawford, K. (2021). The atlas of AI: Power, politics, and the planetary costs of artificial intelligence. Yale University Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"9741_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4066781","volume":"76","author":"R Crootof","year":"2023","unstructured":"Crootof, R., Kaminski, M. E., & Price, W. N., II. (2023). Humans in the Loop. Vanderbilt Law Review, 76(2), 429\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4066781","journal-title":"Vanderbilt Law Review"},{"key":"9741_CR28","unstructured":"Csernatoni, R. (2023). Weaponising Innovation? Mapping Artificial Intelligence-enabled Security and Defence in the EU. SIRPRI EUNPDC Report, https:\/\/www.sipri.org\/publications\/2023\/eu-non-proliferation-and-disarmament-papers\/weaponizing-innovation-mapping-artificial-intelligence-enabled-security-and-defence-eu"},{"key":"9741_CR29","unstructured":"Csernatoni, R. (2024). Charting the Geopolitics and European Governance of Artificial Intelligence. Carnegie Europe Working Paper, https:\/\/carnegieeurope.eu\/research\/2024\/03\/charting-the-geopolitics-and-european-governance-of-artificial-intelligence?lang=en&center=europe"},{"issue":"3","key":"9741_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/09662839.2022.2103370","volume":"31","author":"R Csernatoni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Csernatoni, R. (2022). The EU\u2019s hegemonic imaginaries: From European strategic autonomy in defence to technological sovereignty. European Security, 31(3), 395\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09662839.2022.2103370","journal-title":"European Security"},{"issue":"3","key":"9741_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1080\/14650045.2023.2224235","volume":"29","author":"R Csernatoni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Csernatoni, R., & Martins, B. O. (2024). Disruptive technologies for security and defence: Temporality, performativity and imagination. Geopolitics, 29(3), 849\u2013872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14650045.2023.2224235","journal-title":"Geopolitics"},{"key":"9741_CR32","volume-title":"TechGnosis: Myth, magic and mysticism in the age of information","author":"E Davis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Davis, E. (1998). TechGnosis: Myth, magic and mysticism in the age of information. Serpents Tail."},{"key":"9741_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30371-6","volume-title":"Responsible artificial intelligence. How to develop and use ai in a responsible way","author":"V Dignum","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dignum, V. (2019). Responsible artificial intelligence. How to develop and use ai in a responsible way. Springer."},{"key":"9741_CR34","unstructured":"Emerson, S., and Nieva, R. (2024, June 6, 2024). Eric Schmidt Is Secretly Testing AI Military Drones In A Wealthy Silicon Valley Suburb. Forbes. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/sarahemerson\/2024\/06\/06\/eric-schmidt-is-secretly-testing-ai-military-drones-in-a-wealthy-silicon-valley-suburb\/"},{"key":"9741_CR35","unstructured":"Favaro, M., Kuhn, U., and Renic, N. C. (2023, March 23). Will DIANA - NATO's DARPA-style Innovation Hub - Improve or Degrade Global Stability? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. https:\/\/thebulletin.org\/2023\/03\/will-diana-natos-darpa-style-innovation-hub-improve-or-degrade-global-stability\/"},{"key":"9741_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198870272.001.0001","volume-title":"The global lab: Inequality, technology, and the experimental movement","author":"A Fejerskov","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fejerskov, A. (2022). The global lab: Inequality, technology, and the experimental movement. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9741_CR37","unstructured":"Feldman, Y. (2014). The Lab: A Unique Insight Into the World of Israeli Arms Dealers Selling Weapons and Experience around the World. https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/program\/witness\/2014\/5\/8\/the-lab"},{"key":"9741_CR38","unstructured":"Fontes, R., and Kamminga, J. (2023, March 24). Ukraine a Living Lab for AI Warfare. National Defense. https:\/\/www.nationaldefensemagazine.org\/articles\/2023\/3\/24\/ukraine-a-living-lab-for-ai-warfare"},{"key":"9741_CR39","first-page":"100","volume-title":"A research agenda for military geographies","author":"E Gilbert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gilbert, E. (2019). Military geoeconomics: Money, finance and war. In R. Woodward (Ed.), A research agenda for military geographies (pp. 100\u2013114). Edward Elgar."},{"issue":"3","key":"9741_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1162\/isec_a_00425","volume":"46","author":"A Goldfard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goldfard, A., & Lindsay, J. R. (2022). Prediction and Judgement: Why Artificial Intelligence Increases the Importance of Humans in War. International Security, 46(3), 7\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/isec_a_00425","journal-title":"International Security"},{"key":"9741_CR41","unstructured":"Gonzalez, R. (2024). How Big Tech and Silicon Valley are Transforming the Military-Industrial Complex. https:\/\/watson.brown.edu\/costsofwar\/files\/cow\/imce\/papers\/2023\/2024\/Silicon%20Valley%20MIC.pdf"},{"key":"9741_CR42","volume-title":"Beyond Ukraine: Debating the future of war","author":"L Gould","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gould, L., Arentze, L., & Hoijtink, M. (2024). Assembling the future of warfare: Innovating swarm technology within the dutch military-industrial-commercial complex. In T. Sweijs & J. Michaels (Eds.), Beyond Ukraine: Debating the future of war. Hurst."},{"key":"9741_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13600826.2023.2261466","author":"L Gould","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gould, L., Hoijtink, M., Jaarsma, M., & Davies, J. (2023). Innovating algorithmic warfare: Experimentation with information manoeuvre beyond the boundaries of the law. Global Society. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13600826.2023.2261466","journal-title":"Global Society"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9741_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/10439463.2022.2086254","volume":"34","author":"E Grassiani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grassiani, E. (2024). Performing politics at the Israeli Security Fair. Policing and Society, 34(1\u20132), 10\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10439463.2022.2086254","journal-title":"Policing and Society"},{"key":"9741_CR45","volume-title":"Empire","author":"M Hardt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hardt, M., & Negri, A. (2000). Empire. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9741_CR46","volume-title":"Multitude: War and democracy in the age of empire","author":"M Hardt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hardt, M., & Negri, A. (2004). Multitude: War and democracy in the age of empire. Penguin Press."},{"key":"9741_CR108","unstructured":"Hart, J. (2024). Elon Musk explains his 80\/20 prediction for what AI means for humans. Business Insider. https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/elon-musk-all-in-podcast-ai-prediction-2024-9"},{"key":"9741_CR47","first-page":"287","volume-title":"Martin Heidegger: Basic writings","author":"M Heidegger","year":"1977","unstructured":"Heidegger, M. (1977). The question concerning technology. In D. F. Krell (Ed.), Martin Heidegger: Basic writings (pp. 287\u2013317). Harper & Row."},{"issue":"3","key":"9741_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1017\/eis.2022.12","volume":"7","author":"M Hoijtink","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoijtink, M. (2022). \u2018Prototype Warfare\u2019: Innovation, Optimisation, and the Experimental Way of Warfare. European Journal of International Security, 7(3), 322\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/eis.2022.12","journal-title":"European Journal of International Security"},{"key":"9741_CR49","volume-title":"Technology and agency in international relations","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoijtink, M., & Leese, M. (Eds.). (2019). Technology and agency in international relations. Routledge."},{"key":"9741_CR50","volume-title":"The Iliad. (E. Wilson, Trans.)","author":"Homer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Homer. (2023). The Iliad. (E. Wilson, Trans.). W. W. Norton & Company."},{"key":"9741_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315680040","volume-title":"The global making of policing: Postcolonial perspectives","author":"J H\u00f6nke","year":"2016","unstructured":"H\u00f6nke, J., & M\u00fcller, M. M. (2016). The global making of policing: Postcolonial perspectives. Routledge."},{"key":"9741_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01402390.2023.2241648","author":"C Hunter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hunter, C., & Bowen, B. E. (2023). We\u2019ll never have a model of an AI major-general: Artificial intelligence, command decisions, and kitsch visions of war. Journal of Strategic Studies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01402390.2023.2241648","journal-title":"Journal of Strategic Studies"},{"key":"9741_CR53","volume-title":"A Framework for Human Decision Making Through the Lifecycle of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems in Defense Applications","author":"IEEE SA Research Group on Issues of AI and Autonomy in Defence Systems","year":"2024","unstructured":"IEEE SA Research Group on Issues of AI and Autonomy in Defence Systems. (2024). A Framework for Human Decision Making Through the Lifecycle of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems in Defense Applications. IEEE SA."},{"key":"9741_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226276663.001.0001","volume-title":"Dreamscapes of modernity: Sociotechnical imaginaries and the fabrication of power","author":"S Jasanoff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jasanoff, S. (2015). Future imperfect: Science, technology, and the imaginations of modernity. In S. Jasanoff & S.-H. Kim (Eds.), Dreamscapes of modernity: Sociotechnical imaginaries and the fabrication of power. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"9741_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226276663.001.0001","volume-title":"Dreamscapes of modernity: Sociotechnical imaginaries and the fabrication of power","author":"S Jasanoff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jasanoff, S., & Kim, S. H. (2015). Dreamscapes of modernity: Sociotechnical imaginaries and the fabrication of power. University of Chicago Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"9741_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2014.25","volume":"29","author":"M Johnson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnson, M., Hawley, J. K., & Bradshaw, J. M. (2014). Myths of automation part 2: Some very human consequences. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 29(2), 82\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MIS.2014.25","journal-title":"IEEE Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"9741_CR57","unstructured":"Judson, J. (2024, March 25). The robots are coming: US Army experiments with human-machine warfare. DefenseNews. https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/unmanned\/2024\/03\/25\/the-robots-are-coming-us-army-experiments-with-human-machine-warfare\/"},{"key":"9741_CR58","volume-title":"Genesis","author":"HA Kissinger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kissinger, H. A., Munde, C., & Schmidt, E. (2024). Genesis. Little, Brown and Company."},{"key":"9741_CR59","volume-title":"The age of AI: And our human future","author":"HA Kissinger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kissinger, H. A., Schmidt, E., & Huttenlocher, D. (2021). The age of AI: And our human future (1st ed.). Little, Brown and Company.","edition":"1"},{"key":"9741_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.26193169","volume-title":"Losing reality: On cults, cultism, and the mindset of political and religious zealotry","author":"RJ Lifton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lifton, R. J. (2019). Losing reality: On cults, cultism, and the mindset of political and religious zealotry. The New Press."},{"key":"9741_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7591\/cornell\/9781501749568.001.0001","volume-title":"Information technology and military power","author":"JR Lindsay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lindsay, J. R. (2020). Information technology and military power. Cornell University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"9741_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.26153\/tsw\/50674","volume":"7","author":"JR Lindsay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lindsay, J. R. (2023). War is from Mars, AI is from Venus: Rediscovering the institutional context of military automation. Texas National Security Review, 7(1), 29\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26153\/tsw\/50674","journal-title":"Texas National Security Review"},{"key":"9741_CR63","volume-title":"The palestine laboratory: How Israel exports the technology of occupation around the world","author":"A Loewenstein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Loewenstein, A. (2023). The palestine laboratory: How Israel exports the technology of occupation around the world. Verso Books."},{"key":"9741_CR64","unstructured":"Luckey, P., and Stephens, T. (2018). Opinion: Silicon Valley Should Stop Ostracizing the Military. The Washington Post. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/silicon-valley-should-stop-ostracizing-the-military\/2018\/08\/08\/7a7e0658-974f-11e8-80e1-00e80e1fdf43_story.html"},{"key":"9741_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polgeo.2018.04.002","volume":"65","author":"R Machold","year":"2018","unstructured":"Machold, R. (2018). Reconsidering the laboratory thesis: Palestine\/Israel and the geopolitics of representation. Political Geography, 65, 88\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polgeo.2018.04.002","journal-title":"Political Geography"},{"key":"9741_CR66","unstructured":"Manson, K. (2024, February 28). AI Warfare is Already Here. Bloomberg. https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/features\/2024-ai-warfare-project-maven\/?leadSource=uverify%20wall"},{"key":"9741_CR67","unstructured":"Mozur, P. and Satariano, A. (2024, May 24). Russia, in New Push, Increasingly Disrupts Ukraine\u2019s Starlink Service. The New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/05\/24\/technology\/ukraine-russia-starlink.html"},{"key":"9741_CR68","volume-title":"The anger of Achilles: M\u0113nis in Greek epic","author":"LC Muellner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Muellner, L. C. (1996). The anger of Achilles: M\u0113nis in Greek epic. Cornell University Press."},{"key":"9741_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780822373216","volume-title":"The economization of life","author":"M Murphy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murphy, M. (2017). The economization of life. Duke University Press."},{"key":"9741_CR70","volume-title":"AI in military decision support systems. A review of developments and debates","author":"A Nadibaidze","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nadibaidze, A., Bode, I., & Zhang, Q. (2024). AI in military decision support systems. A review of developments and debates. Center for War Studies."},{"key":"9741_CR71","unstructured":"NATO. (n.d.). Defence Innovation Accelerator for the North Atlantic (DIANA). https:\/\/diana.nato.int\/"},{"key":"9741_CR72","volume-title":"The religion of technology: The divinity of man and the spirit of invention","author":"D Noble","year":"1999","unstructured":"Noble, D. (1999). The religion of technology: The divinity of man and the spirit of invention. Penguin Books."},{"issue":"6","key":"9741_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.3.3.398","volume":"49","author":"D \u00d6berg","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u00d6berg, D. (2018). Warfare as design: Transgressive creativity and reductive operational planning. Security Dialogue, 49(6), 493\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/orsc.3.3.398","journal-title":"Security Dialogue"},{"issue":"3","key":"9741_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.3.3.398","volume":"3","author":"WJ Orlikowski","year":"1992","unstructured":"Orlikowski, W. J. (1992). The duality of technology: Rethinking the concept of technology in organizations. Organization Science, 3(3), 398\u2013427.","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"key":"9741_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780197611692.001.0001","volume-title":"I, Warbot: The dawn of artificially intelligent conflict","author":"K Payne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Payne, K. (2021). I, Warbot: The dawn of artificially intelligent conflict. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9741_CR76","unstructured":"Roff, H. M., and Moyes, R. (2016). Meaningful Human Control, Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Weapons. Article 36. http:\/\/www.article36.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/MHC-AI-and-AWS-FINAL.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"9741_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/15027570.2014.975010","volume":"13","author":"HM Roff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roff, H. M. (2014). The strategic robot problem: Lethal autonomous weapons in war. Journal of Military Ethics, 13(3), 211\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15027570.2014.975010","journal-title":"Journal of Military Ethics"},{"key":"9741_CR78","unstructured":"Roush, T. (2023). Former Google CEO Warns AI Could Cause People To Be \u2018Harmed Or Killed\u2019. Forbes, 24 May. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/tylerroush\/2023\/05\/24\/former-google-ceo-warns-ai-could-cause-people-to-be-harmed-or-killed\/"},{"key":"9741_CR79","unstructured":"Sanger, D. E. (2024, Arpil 23, 2024). In Ukraine, New American Technology Won the Day. Until It Was Overwhelmed. New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/04\/23\/us\/politics\/ukraine-new-american-technology.html?unlocked_article_code=1.m00.l28U.XumGYh3i4o8h&smid=url-share"},{"key":"9741_CR80","unstructured":"Sankar, S. 2024. The Defense Reformation. 31 October. https:\/\/www.18theses.com\/"},{"key":"9741_CR81","volume-title":"Four battlegrounds: Power in the age of artificial intelligence","author":"P Scharre","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scharre, P. (2023). Four battlegrounds: Power in the age of artificial intelligence. W. W. Norton & Company."},{"key":"9741_CR82","volume-title":"Responsible use of AI in military systems","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schraagen, J. M. (Ed.). (2024). Responsible use of AI in military systems. Chapman and Hall\/CRC."},{"key":"9741_CR83","unstructured":"Schwarz, E. (2024). Unicorns for Uniforms: On the Problematic Allure of VC Investments in Defence, 2024. Opinio Juris. https:\/\/opiniojuris.org\/2024\/09\/18\/unicorns-for-uniforms-on-the-problematic-allure-of-vc-investments-in-defence\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"9741_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.5840\/philtoday2021519407","volume":"65","author":"E Schwarz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schwarz, E. (2021). Silicon Valley goes to war. Philosophy Today, 65(3), 549\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5840\/philtoday2021519407","journal-title":"Philosophy Today"},{"key":"9741_CR85","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Autonomous weapons systems: Law, ethics, policy","author":"N Sharkey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sharkey, N. (2016). Staying in the loop: Human supervisory control of weapons. In N. Bhuta, S. Beck, R. Geiss, H.-Y. Liu, & C. Kress (Eds.), Autonomous weapons systems: Law, ethics, policy (pp. 23\u201338). Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"5","key":"9741_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1177\/0967010617713157","volume":"48","author":"IG Shaw","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shaw, I. G. (2017). Robot wars: US empire and geopolitics in the robotic age. Security Dialogue, 48(5), 451\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0967010617713157","journal-title":"Security Dialogue"},{"key":"9741_CR87","volume-title":"Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character","author":"J Shay","year":"1994","unstructured":"Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character. Simon and Schuster."},{"key":"9741_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12385.001.0001","volume-title":"The promise of artificial intelligence: Reckoning and judgement","author":"BC Smith","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smith, B. C. (2019). The promise of artificial intelligence: Reckoning and judgement. MIT Press."},{"key":"9741_CR89","unstructured":"Solana, M. (2024). \u2018Hereticon: Apocalypse Ball\u2019, Founders Fund Webpage. https:\/\/foundersfund.com\/2024\/02\/hereticon-2024\/"},{"key":"9741_CR90","unstructured":"Special Competitive Studies Project. (2023). Department of Defense Adoption of Generative Artificial Intelligence. https:\/\/www.scsp.ai\/reports\/gen-ai\/defense\/"},{"key":"9741_CR91","unstructured":"Stephens, T. (2024). The Prologue and the Promise: God and Technology with Trae Stephens. YouTube, 4 July. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=V_WIODD-WSk"},{"key":"9741_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-015-9646-0","volume":"22","author":"J Stilgoe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stilgoe, J. (2016). Geoengineering as collective experimentation. Science and Engineering Ethics, 22, 851\u2013869.","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"issue":"5","key":"9741_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1177\/03063127221104938","volume":"53","author":"L Suchman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Suchman, L. (2023). Imaginaries of omniscience: Automating intelligence in the US Department of Defense. Social Studies of Science, 53(5), 761\u2013786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03063127221104938","journal-title":"Social Studies of Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"9741_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-022-00392-3","volume":"28","author":"M Taddeo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taddeo, M., & Blanchard, A. (2022). A comparative analysis of the definitions of autonomous weapons systems. Science and Engineering Ethics, 28(5), 37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-022-00392-3","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"9741_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00141844.2013.810660","volume":"79","author":"F Towghi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Towghi, F., & Vora, K. (2014). Bodies, markets, and the experimental in South Asia. Journal of Anthropology, 79(1), 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00141844.2013.810660","journal-title":"Journal of Anthropology"},{"key":"9741_CR96","unstructured":"Uek\u00f6tter, F. (n.d). In The Spotlight: Frank Uek\u00f6tter. K\u00e4te Hamburger Centre for Apocalyptic and Post-Apocalyptic Studies, Universit\u00e4t Heildeberg. https:\/\/www.capas.uni-heidelberg.de\/en\/news\/apocalypse-quarterly-newsletter\/in-the-spotlight-frank-uekotter"},{"key":"9741_CR97","unstructured":"UK Ministry of Defence. (2018). Joint Concept Note 1\/18. Human-Machine Teaming. UK Ministry of Defence. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/5b02f398e5274a0d7fa9a7c0\/20180517-concepts_uk_human_machine_teaming_jcn_1_18.pdf"},{"key":"9741_CR98","unstructured":"UNIDIR. (2020). The human element in decisions about the use of force. https:\/\/unidir.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-03\/UNIDIR_Iceberg_SinglePages_web.pdf"},{"key":"9741_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190889760.001.0001","volume-title":"The platform society: Public values in a connective world","author":"J Van Dijck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van Dijck, J., Poell, T., & De Waal, M. (2018). The platform society: Public values in a connective world. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9741_CR100","volume-title":"The original accident","author":"P Virilio","year":"2007","unstructured":"Virilio, P. (2007). The original accident. Polity Press."},{"key":"9741_CR101","volume-title":"Capital is dead: Is this something worse?","author":"M Wark","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wark, M. (2021). Capital is dead: Is this something worse? Verso Books."},{"key":"9741_CR102","unstructured":"Weiss, G. 2024. How CEO Alex Karp jokingly says Palantir is like a \u2018cult\u2019 \u2013 \u2018with no sex and very little drugs\u2019. Business Insider, 17 December. https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/how-alex-karp-built-palantir-cult-no-sex-drugs-2024-12"},{"key":"9741_CR103","volume-title":"Hollow land: Israel\u2019s architecture of occupation","author":"E Weizman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weizman, E. (2012). Hollow land: Israel\u2019s architecture of occupation. Verso books."},{"issue":"1","key":"9741_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/0967010616657947","volume":"48","author":"L Wilcox","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilcox, L. (2017). Embodying algorithmic war: Gender, race, and the posthuman in drone warfare. Security Dialogue, 48(1), 11\u201328.","journal-title":"Security Dialogue"},{"issue":"1","key":"9741_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1353\/nov.2020.0003","volume":"18","author":"J Wolfe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wolfe, J. (2020). Philosophical myths of the end. Nova Et Vetera, 18(1), 55\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/nov.2020.0003","journal-title":"Nova Et Vetera"},{"key":"9741_CR106","volume-title":"The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power","author":"S Zuboff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. Profile Books."}],"container-title":["Minds and Machines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-025-09741-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11023-025-09741-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-025-09741-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T04:04:45Z","timestamp":1758168285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11023-025-09741-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["9741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-025-09741-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1572-8641"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1572-8641","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"37"}}