{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:40:57Z","timestamp":1781797257739,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minds &amp; Machines"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Artificial Intelligence (AI) spreads quickly as new technologies and services take over modern society. The need to regulate AI design, development, and use is strictly necessary to avoid unethical and potentially dangerous consequences to humans. The European Union (EU) has released a new legal framework, the AI Act, to regulate AI by undertaking a risk-based approach to safeguard humans during interaction. At the same time, researchers offer a new perspective on AI systems, commonly known as Human-Centred AI (HCAI), highlighting the need for a human-centred approach to their design. In this context, Symbiotic AI (a subtype of HCAI) promises to enhance human capabilities through a deeper and continuous collaboration between human intelligence and AI. This article presents the results of a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) that aims to identify principles that characterise the design and development of Symbiotic AI systems while considering humans as the core of the process. Through content analysis, we elicit four principles that must be applied to create Human-Centred AI systems that can establish a symbiotic relationship with humans. In addition, current trends and challenges are presented to indicate open questions that may guide future research for the development of SAI systems that comply with the AI Act.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-025-09753-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T08:55:05Z","timestamp":1763456105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Building Symbiotic Artificial Intelligence: Reviewing the AI Act for a Human-Centred, Principle-Based Framework"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9507-9940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriana","family":"Calvano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6863-872X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Curci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9894-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Desolda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9536-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2039-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Lanzilotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1561-7073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Piccinno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"9753_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1017\/glj.2023.108","volume":"25","author":"M Almada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Almada, M., & Radu, A. (2024). The brussels side-effect: how the AI act can reduce the global reach of EU policy. German Law Journal, 25(4), 646\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/glj.2023.108","journal-title":"German Law Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"9753_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3390\/su16010228","volume":"16","author":"A Aseeva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aseeva, A. (2023). Liable and sustainable by design: a toolbox for a regulatory compliant and sustainable tech. Sustainability, 16(1), 228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su16010228","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"9","key":"9753_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13091644","volume":"13","author":"N Baumgartner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baumgartner, N., Iyenghar, P., Schoemaker, T., & Pulverm\u00fcller, E. (2024). AI-driven refactoring: a pipeline for identifying and correcting data clumps in git repositories. Electronics, 13(9), 1644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/electronics13091644","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"9753_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10703-024-00445-2","author":"S Biewer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Biewer, S., Baum, K., Sterz, S., Hermanns, H., Hetmank, S., Langer, M., & Lehr, F. (2024). Software doping analysis for human oversight. Formal Methods in System Design. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10703-024-00445-2","journal-title":"Formal Methods in System Design"},{"key":"9753_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2024.106012","volume":"54","author":"B Botero Arcila","year":"2024","unstructured":"Botero Arcila, B. (2024). AI liability in Europe: How does it complement risk regulation and deal with the problem of human oversight? Computer Law & Security Review, 54, Article 106012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clsr.2024.106012","journal-title":"Computer Law & Security Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"9753_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"011","DOI":"10.1093\/ijlit\/eaae011","volume":"32","author":"M Cantero Gamito","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cantero Gamito, M., & Marsden, C. T. (2024). Artificial intelligence co-regulation? The role of standards in the EU AI Act. International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 32(1), 011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ijlit\/eaae011","journal-title":"International Journal of Law and Information Technology"},{"key":"9753_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carnevale, A., Lombardi, A., & Lisi, F. A. (2024). A human-centred approach to symbiotic AI: Questioning the ethical and conceptual foundation. Intelligenza Artificiale, 18(1), 9\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/IA-240034 Retrieved 2024-10-08, from https:\/\/www.medra.org\/servlet\/aliasResolver?alias=iospress&doi=10.3233\/IA-240034","DOI":"10.3233\/IA-240034"},{"issue":"1","key":"9753_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/err.2022.38","volume":"14","author":"J Chamberlain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chamberlain, J. (2023). The risk-based approach of the European union\u2019s proposed artificial intelligence regulation: some comments from a tort law perspective. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 14(1), 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/err.2022.38","journal-title":"European Journal of Risk Regulation"},{"key":"9753_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Covelo De\u00a0Abreu, J. (2024). The \u201cArtificial Intelligence Act\u201d Proposal on European e-Justice Domains Through the Lens of User-Focused, User-Friendly and Effective Judicial Protection Principles. H.\u00a0Sousa\u00a0Antunes, P.M.\u00a0Freitas, A.L.\u00a0Oliveira, C.\u00a0Martins\u00a0Pereira, E.\u00a0Vaz De\u00a0Sequeira, and L.\u00a0Barreto\u00a0Xavier (Eds.), Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence and the Law (Vol.\u00a058, pp. 397\u2013414). Cham: Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-41264-6_21"},{"issue":"5","key":"9753_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1080\/13510347.2024.2353706","volume":"31","author":"J Cupa\u0107","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cupa\u0107, J., & Sienknecht, M. (2024). Regulate against the machine: How the EU mitigates AI harm to democracy. Democratization, 31(5), 1067\u20131090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13510347.2024.2353706","journal-title":"Democratization"},{"key":"9753_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Desolda, G., Dimauro, G., Esposito, A., Lanzilotti, R., Matera, M., & Zancanaro, M. (2024). A Human-AI interaction paradigm and its application to rhinocytology. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 155, Article 102933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.artmed.2024.102933 Retrieved 2024-08-02, from https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0933365724001751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2024.102933"},{"key":"9753_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Desolda, G., Esposito, A., Lanzilotti, R., Piccinno, A., & Costabile, M. F. (2024). From human-centered to symbiotic artificial intelligence: A focus on medical applications. Multimedia Tools and Applications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-024-20414-5 Retrieved 2024-11-29, from https:\/\/rdcu.be\/d1RF4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-024-20414-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"9753_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/17579961.2023.2245683","volume":"15","author":"L Enqvist","year":"2023","unstructured":"Enqvist, L. (2023). \u2018Human oversight\u2019 in the EU artificial intelligence act: What, when and by whom? Law, Innovation and Technology, 15(2), 508\u2013535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17579961.2023.2245683","journal-title":"Law, Innovation and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9753_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59616-0","volume":"14","author":"A Esposito","year":"2024","unstructured":"Esposito, A., Desolda, G., & Lanzilotti, R. (2024). The fine line between automation and augmentation in website usability evaluation. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 10129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-59616-0","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"9753_CR15","unstructured":"European Parliament, & Council of the European Union. (2024). Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence and Amending Regulations (EC) No 300\/2008, (EU) No 167\/2013, (EU) No 168\/2013, (EU) 2018\/858, (EU) 2018\/1139 and (EU) 2019\/2144 and Directives 2014\/90\/EU, (EU) 2016\/797 and (EU) 2020\/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act)."},{"key":"9753_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fjeld, J., Achten, N., Hilligoss, H., Nagy, A., & Srikumar, M. (2020). Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-Based Approaches to Principles for AI. SSRN Electronic Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3518482 Retrieved 2023-11-24, from https:\/\/www.ssrn.com\/abstract=3518482","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3518482"},{"key":"9753_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gornet, M., & Maxwell, W. (2024). The European approach to regulating AI through technical standards. Internet Policy Review, 13(3), 1\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14763\/2024.3.1784","DOI":"10.14763\/2024.3.1784"},{"key":"9753_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grigsby, S.S. (2018). Artificial Intelligence for Advanced Human-Machine Symbiosis. D.D.\u00a0Schmorrow and C.M.\u00a0Fidopiastis (Eds.), Augmented Cognition: Intelligent Technologies (Vol. 10915, pp. 255\u2013266). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Retrieved 2024-03-20, from https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-91470-1_22","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91470-1_22"},{"key":"9753_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gyevnar, B., Ferguson, N., Schafer, B. (2023). Bridging the Transparency Gap: What Can Explainable AI Learn from the AI Act? K.\u00a0Gal, A.\u00a0Now\u00e9, G.J.\u00a0Nalepa, R.\u00a0Fairstein, and R.\u00a0R\u0103dulescu (Eds.), Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press.","DOI":"10.3233\/FAIA230367"},{"key":"9753_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2023.105871","volume":"51","author":"P Hacker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hacker, P. (2023). The European AI liability directives - Critique of a half-hearted approach and lessons for the future. Computer Law & Security Review, 51, Article 105871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clsr.2023.105871","journal-title":"Computer Law & Security Review"},{"key":"9753_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2023.105915","volume":"52","author":"N Helberger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Helberger, N. (2024). FutureNewsCorp, or how the AI Act changed the future of news. Computer Law & Security Review, 52, Article 105915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clsr.2023.105915","journal-title":"Computer Law & Security Review"},{"key":"9753_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Helberger, N., & Diakopoulos, N. (2023). ChatGPT and the AI Act. Internet Policy Review, 12(1), 1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14763\/2023.1.1682","DOI":"10.14763\/2023.1.1682"},{"key":"9753_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2024.105941","volume":"52","author":"M Herbosch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Herbosch, M. (2024). Fraud by generative AI chatbots: On the thin line between deception and negligence. Computer Law & Security Review, 52, Article 105941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clsr.2024.105941","journal-title":"Computer Law & Security Review"},{"key":"9753_CR24","unstructured":"High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (2019). Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI."},{"key":"9753_CR25","unstructured":"High Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (2020). Assessment List for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence (ALTAI) for self-assessment."},{"key":"9753_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01731-z","author":"H Hirvonen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hirvonen, H. (2023). Just accountability structures - a way to promote the safe use of automated decision-making in the public sector. AI & SOCIETY. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01731-z","journal-title":"AI & SOCIETY"},{"issue":"2","key":"9753_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-024-09757-7","volume":"26","author":"I Hupont","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hupont, I., Fern\u00e1ndez-Llorca, D., Baldassarri, S., & G\u00f3mez, E. (2024). Use case cards: A use case reporting framework inspired by the European AI Act. Ethics and Information Technology, 26(2), 19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10676-024-09757-7","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"9753_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2023.3235712","volume":"56","author":"I Hupont","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hupont, I., Micheli, M., Delipetrev, B., G\u00f3mez, E., & Garrido, J. S. (2023). Documenting High-Risk AI: A European Regulatory Perspective. Computer, 56(5), 18\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MC.2023.3235712","journal-title":"Computer"},{"issue":"1","key":"9753_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14981-6","volume":"12","author":"I Hupont","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hupont, I., Tolan, S., Gunes, H., & G\u00f3mez, E. (2022). The landscape of facial processing applications in the context of the European AI Act and the development of trustworthy systems. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 10688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-14981-6","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"9753_CR30","unstructured":"ISO (2019). 9241-210:2019 Ergonomics of human-system interaction\u2014Part 210: Human-centred design for interactive systems (Journal Article No. 9241-210). https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/77520.html"},{"key":"9753_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2024.106053","volume":"55","author":"M Kattnig","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kattnig, M., Angerschmid, A., Reichel, T., & Kern, R. (2024). Assessing trustworthy AI: Technical and legal perspectives of fairness in AI. Computer Law & Security Review, 55, Article 106053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clsr.2024.106053","journal-title":"Computer Law & Security Review"},{"key":"9753_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kieseberg, P., Weippl, E., Tjoa, A.M., Cabitza, F., Campagner, A., Holzinger, A. (2023). Controllable AI - An Alternative to Trustworthiness in Complex AI Systems? A.\u00a0Holzinger, P.\u00a0Kieseberg, F.\u00a0Cabitza, A.\u00a0Campagner, A.M.\u00a0Tjoa, and E.\u00a0Weippl (Eds.), Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (Vol. 14065, pp. 1\u201312). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-40837-3_1"},{"key":"9753_CR33","unstructured":"Kitchenham, B.A. (2004). Procedures for Performing Systematic Reviews Joint Technical Report No. TR\/SE-0401. Keele University and National ICT Australia Ltd."},{"key":"9753_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01777-z","author":"J Laux","year":"2023","unstructured":"Laux, J. (2023). Institutionalised distrust and human oversight of artificial intelligence: Towards a democratic design of AI governance under the European Union AI Act. AI & SOCIETY. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-023-01777-z","journal-title":"AI & SOCIETY"},{"key":"9753_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2024.105957","volume":"53","author":"J Laux","year":"2024","unstructured":"Laux, J., Wachter, S., & Mittelstadt, B. (2024). Three pathways for standardisation and ethical disclosure by default under the European union artificial intelligence act. Computer Law & Security Review, 53, Article 105957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clsr.2024.105957","journal-title":"Computer Law & Security Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"9753_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/rego.12512","volume":"18","author":"J Laux","year":"2024","unstructured":"Laux, J., Wachter, S., & Mittelstadt, B. (2024). Trustworthy artificial intelligence and the European Union AI act: On the conflation of trustworthiness and acceptability of risk. Regulation & Governance, 18(1), 3\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rego.12512","journal-title":"Regulation & Governance"},{"key":"9753_CR37","volume-title":"Research methods in human-computer interaction","author":"J Lazar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lazar, J., Feng, J. H., & Hochheiser, H. (2017). Research methods in human-computer interaction (2nd ed.). Elsevier, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.","edition":"2"},{"key":"9753_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2023.105833","volume":"50","author":"G Lazcoz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lazcoz, G., & De Hert, P. (2023). Humans in the GDPR and AIA governance of automated and algorithmic systems. Essential pre-requisites against abdicating responsibilities. Computer Law & Security Review, 50, Article 105833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clsr.2023.105833","journal-title":"Computer Law & Security Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"9753_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3390\/laws13050061","volume":"13","author":"Y-G Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee, Y.-G., Lee, C.-H., Jeon, Y.-H., & Bae, J.-H. (2024). Transformative Impact of the EU AI Act on Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships. Laws, 13(5), 61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/laws13050061","journal-title":"Laws"},{"key":"9753_CR40","unstructured":"Lisi, F.A., Carnevale, A., Dyoub, A., Lombardi, A., Marra, P., Pulito, L. (2024). Acceptability of Symbiotic Artificial Intelligence: Highlights from the FAIR project. Proceedings of the 4th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (Vol. 3762). Naples, Italy: CEUR Workshop Proceedings. https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-3762\/522.pdf"},{"key":"9753_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2023.105899","volume":"52","author":"G Malgieri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Malgieri, G., & Pasquale, F. (2024). Licensing high-risk artificial intelligence: Toward ex ante justification for a disruptive technology. Computer Law & Security Review, 52, Article 105899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clsr.2023.105899","journal-title":"Computer Law & Security Review"},{"key":"9753_CR42","unstructured":"Maslej, N., Fattorini, L., Perrault, R., Parli, V., Reuel, A., Brynjolfsson, E.. Clark, J. (2024a). The AI Index 2024 Annual Report (Tech. Rep.). Stanford, CAInstitute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford University."},{"key":"9753_CR43","unstructured":"Maslej, N., Fattorini, L., Perrault, R., Parli, V., Reuel, A., Brynjolfsson, E.. Clark, J. (2024b). Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2024 (No. arXiv:2405.19522). arXiv. [2024-05-31]http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.19522"},{"issue":"1","key":"9753_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/09646639231152866","volume":"33","author":"J Mazur","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mazur, J., & W\u0142och, R. (2024). Embedding digital economy: Fictitious triple movement in the European Union\u2019s Artificial Intelligence Act. Social & Legal Studies, 33(1), 104\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09646639231152866","journal-title":"Social & Legal Studies"},{"key":"9753_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Migliorini, S. (2024). \u201cMore than Words\u201d: A Legal Approach to the Risks of Commercial Chatbots Powered by Generative Artificial Intelligence. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 15(3), 719\u2013736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/err.2024.4","DOI":"10.1017\/err.2024.4"},{"key":"9753_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M\u00f6kander, J., Axente, M., Casolari, F., & Floridi, L. (2022). Conformity Assessments and Post-market Monitoring: A Guide to the Role of Auditing in the Proposed European AI Regulation. Minds and Machines, 32(2), 241\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-021-09577-4 Retrieved 2025-01-21, from https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11023-021-09577-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-021-09577-4"},{"key":"9753_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2024.105984","volume":"53","author":"ML Montagnani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Montagnani, M. L., Najjar, M. C., & Davola, A. (2024). The EU Regulatory approach(es) to AI liability, and its Application to the financialervices market. Computer Law & Security Review, 53, Article 105984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clsr.2024.105984","journal-title":"Computer Law & Security Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"9753_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/poi3.329","volume":"15","author":"V Morozovaite","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morozovaite, V. (2023). Hypernudging in the changing European regulatory landscape for digital markets. Policy & Internet, 15(1), 78\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/poi3.329","journal-title":"Policy & Internet"},{"issue":"7","key":"9753_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.004.2200612","volume":"61","author":"MD Mueck","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mueck, M. D., On, A. E. B., & Du Boispean, S. (2023). Upcoming European regulations on artificial intelligence and cybersecurity. IEEE Communications Magazine, 61(7), 98\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCOM.004.2200612","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"key":"9753_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mylly, U.M. (2023). Transparent AI? navigating between rules on trade secrets and access to information. IIC\u2014International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 54(7), 1013\u20131043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40319-023-01328-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40319-023-01328-5"},{"key":"9753_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nastasa, A., Maer\u00a0Matei, M.M., Mocanu, C. (2023). Artificial Intelligence: Friend or Foe? Experts\u2019 Concerns on European AI Act. Economic Computation and Economic Cybernetics Studies and Research, 57(3\/2023), 5\u201322, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24818\/18423264\/57.3.23.01 Retrieved 2024-11-11, from https:\/\/ecocyb.ase.ro\/nr2023_3\/01_AnamariaNastasa_V3.pdf","DOI":"10.24818\/18423264\/57.3.23.01"},{"key":"9753_CR52","unstructured":"National Transportation Safety Board (2017). Collision Between a Car Operating with Automated Vehicle Control Systems and a Tractor-Semitrailer Truck Near Williston, Florida, May 7, 2016 Highway Accident Report No. NTSB\/HAR-17\/02. Washington, DCNational Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved 2022-06-14, from https:\/\/www.ntsb.gov\/investigations\/accidentreports\/reports\/har1702.pdf"},{"key":"9753_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2023.105798","volume":"48","author":"RJ Neuwirth","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neuwirth, R. J. (2023). Prohibited artificial intelligence practices in the proposed EU artificial intelligence act (AIA). Computer Law & Security Review, 48, Article 105798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clsr.2023.105798","journal-title":"Computer Law & Security Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"9753_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1017\/err.2024.13","volume":"15","author":"L Nikiforov","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nikiforov, L. (2024). Groups of persons in the proposed AI Act amendments. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 15(3), 757\u2013771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/err.2024.13","journal-title":"European Journal of Risk Regulation"},{"key":"9753_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nisevic, M., Cuypers, A., De\u00a0Bruyne, J. (2024). Explainable AI: Can the AI Act and the GDPR go out for a date? 2024 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) (pp. 1\u20138). Yokohama, Japan: IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN60899.2024.10649994"},{"key":"9753_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Novelli, C., Hacker, P., Morley, J., Trondal, J., & Floridi, L. (2024). A Robust Governance for the AI Act: AI Office, AI Board, Scientific Panel, and National Authorities. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/err.2024.57","DOI":"10.1017\/err.2024.57"},{"issue":"1","key":"9753_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3632753","volume":"5","author":"HP Olsen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Olsen, H. P., Hildebrandt, T. T., Wiesener, C., Larsen, M. S., & Fl\u00fcgge, A. W. A. (2024). The right to transparency in public governance: freedom of information and the use of artificial intelligence by public agencies. Digital Government: Research and Practice, 5(1), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3632753","journal-title":"Digital Government: Research and Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"9753_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1108\/TG-07-2021-0121","volume":"16","author":"U Pagallo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pagallo, U., Ciani Sciolla, J., & Durante, M. (2022). The environmental challenges of AI in EU law: Lessons learned from the Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) with its drawbacks. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 16(3), 359\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/TG-07-2021-0121","journal-title":"Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy"},{"key":"9753_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 372, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71 Retrieved from https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/372\/bmj.n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"9753_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dap.2024.3","volume":"6","author":"T Papadakis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Papadakis, T., Christou, I. T., Ipektsidis, C., Soldatos, J., & Amicone, A. (2024). Explainable and transparent artificial intelligence for public policymaking. Data & Policy, 6, Article e10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dap.2024.3","journal-title":"Data & Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"9753_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/17579961.2024.2313795","volume":"16","author":"G Pavlidis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pavlidis, G. (2024). Unlocking the black box: Analysing the EU artificial intelligence act\u2019s framework for explainability in AI. Law, Innovation and Technology, 16(1), 293\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17579961.2024.2313795","journal-title":"Law, Innovation and Technology"},{"key":"9753_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peeters, B. (2024). Editorial: European Law Restrictions on Tax Authorities \u2019 Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems: Reflections on Some Recent Developments. EC Tax Review, 33(2), 54\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54648\/ECTA2024006","DOI":"10.54648\/ECTA2024006"},{"issue":"3","key":"9753_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1515\/commun-2022-0091","volume":"48","author":"C Porlezza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Porlezza, C. (2023). Promoting responsible AI: A European perspective on the governance of artificial intelligence in media and journalism. Communications, 48(3), 370\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/commun-2022-0091","journal-title":"Communications"},{"issue":"3","key":"9753_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/13600869.2024.2324540","volume":"38","author":"F Romero Moreno","year":"2024","unstructured":"Romero Moreno, F. (2024). Generative AI and deepfakes: A human rights approach to tackling harmful content. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 38(3), 297\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13600869.2024.2324540","journal-title":"International Review of Law, Computers & Technology"},{"key":"9753_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sambasivan, N., & Veeraraghavan, R. (2022). The Deskilling of Domain Expertise in AI Development. CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1\u201314). New Orleans LA USA: ACM. Retrieved 2024-05-21, from https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3491102.3517578","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517578"},{"issue":"12","key":"9753_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1145\/3381831","volume":"63","author":"R Schwartz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schwartz, R., Dodge, J., Smith, N. A., & Etzioni, O. (2020). Green AI. Communications of the ACM, 63(12), 54\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3381831","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"9753_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shneiderman, B. (2020). Bridging the Gap Between Ethics and Practice: Guidelines for Reliable, Safe, and Trustworthy Human-centered AI Systems. ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems, 10(4), 1\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3419764 Retrieved 2024-06-03, from https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3419764","DOI":"10.1145\/3419764"},{"key":"9753_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1741118","volume":"36","author":"B Shneiderman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shneiderman, B. (2020). Human-centered artificial intelligence: reliable. Safe & Trustworthy, 36, 495\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2020.1741118","journal-title":"Safe & Trustworthy"},{"key":"9753_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192845290.001.0001","volume-title":"Human-Centered AI","author":"B Shneiderman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shneiderman, B. (2022). Human-Centered AI (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.","edition":"1"},{"issue":"2","key":"9753_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging10020046","volume":"10","author":"D Siegel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Siegel, D., Kraetzer, C., Seidlitz, S., & Dittmann, J. (2024). Media Forensic Considerations of the Usage of Artificial Intelligence Using the Example of DeepFake Detection. Journal of Imaging, 10(2), 46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging10020046","journal-title":"Journal of Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"9753_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10603-023-09559-2","volume":"47","author":"L Sposini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sposini, L. (2024). Neuromarketing and eye-tracking technologies under the European framework: Towards the GDPR and beyond. Journal of Consumer Policy, 47(3), 321\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10603-023-09559-2","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Policy"},{"key":"9753_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stahl, B.C., Schroeder, D., Rodrigues, R. (2023). Unfair and Illegal Discrimination. In Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (pp. 9\u201323). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Retrieved 2024-11-05, from https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-17040-9_2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-17040-9_2"},{"key":"9753_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22718","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3364387","volume":"12","author":"G Stettinger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stettinger, G., Weissensteiner, P., & Khastgir, S. (2024). Trustworthiness assurance assessment for high-risk AI-based systems. IEEE Access, 12, 22718\u201322745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3364387","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"9753_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2022.105657","volume":"44","author":"K Stuurman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stuurman, K., & Lachaud, E. (2022). Regulating AI. A label to complete the proposed Act on Artificial Intelligence. Computer Law & Security Review, 44, Article 105657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clsr.2022.105657","journal-title":"Computer Law & Security Review"},{"key":"9753_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szafran, D., & Bach, R. L. (2024). \u201cThe Human Must Remain the Central Focus\u201d: Subjective Fairness Perceptions in Automated Decision-Making. Minds and Machines, 34(3), 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-024-09684-y Retrieved 2025-01-21, from https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11023-024-09684-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-024-09684-y"},{"issue":"2","key":"9753_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1017\/bap.2023.36","volume":"26","author":"J Tallberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tallberg, J., Lundgren, M., & Geith, J. (2024). AI regulation in the European Union: Examining non-state actor preferences. Business and Politics, 26(2), 218\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/bap.2023.36","journal-title":"Business and Politics"},{"key":"9753_CR77","unstructured":"Tartaro, A. (2023). Towards European Standards supporting the AI Act: Alignment challenges on the path to Trustworthy AI. Proceedings of the AISB Convention. Swansea."},{"key":"9753_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urquhart, L.D., McGarry, G., Crabtree, A. (2022). Legal Provocations for HCI in the Design and Development of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems. Nordic Human-Computer Interaction Conference (pp. 1\u201312). Aarhus Denmark: ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/3546155.3546690"},{"key":"9753_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2024.105152","volume":"149","author":"H Van Kolfschooten","year":"2024","unstructured":"Van Kolfschooten, H., & Van Oirschot, J. (2024). The EU Artificial Intelligence Act (2024): Implications for healthcare. Health Policy, 149, Article 105152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthpol.2024.105152","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"9753_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/13600869.2022.2060471","volume":"36","author":"I Varo\u0161anec","year":"2022","unstructured":"Varo\u0161anec, I. (2022). On the path to the future: Mapping the notion of transparency in the EU regulatory framework for AI. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 36(2), 95\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13600869.2022.2060471","journal-title":"International Review of Law, Computers & Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9753_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2023.3322913","volume":"41","author":"M Wagner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wagner, M., Borg, M., & Runeson, P. (2024). Navigating the Upcoming European Union AI Act. IEEE Software, 41(1), 19\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MS.2023.3322913","journal-title":"IEEE Software"},{"key":"9753_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"W\u00f6rsd\u00f6rfer, M. (2023). Mitigating the adverse effects of AI with the European Union\u2019s artificial intelligence act: Hype or hope? Global Business and Organizational Excellence, joe.22238, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/joe.22238","DOI":"10.1002\/joe.22238"},{"issue":"4","key":"9753_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1145\/3328485","volume":"26","author":"W Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu, W. (2019). Toward human-centered Ai: A perspective from human-computer interaction. Interactions, 26(4), 42\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3328485","journal-title":"Interactions"},{"key":"9753_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yordanova, K., & Bertels, N. (2024). Regulating AI: Challenges and the Way Forward Through Regulatory Sandboxes. H.\u00a0Sousa\u00a0Antunes, P.M.\u00a0Freitas, A.L.\u00a0Oliveira, C.\u00a0Martins\u00a0Pereira, E.\u00a0Vaz De\u00a0Sequeira, and L.\u00a0Barreto\u00a0Xavier (Eds.), Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence and the Law (Vol.\u00a058, pp. 441\u2013456). Cham: Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-41264-6_23"}],"container-title":["Minds and Machines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-025-09753-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11023-025-09753-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-025-09753-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T11:17:06Z","timestamp":1774091826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11023-025-09753-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9753"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-025-09753-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1572-8641"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1572-8641","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"1"}}