{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T02:40:20Z","timestamp":1783996820380,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001230","name":"Macquarie University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minds &amp; Machines"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The use of large language models (LLMs) for companionship is rapidly increasing. As \u201cfriends\u201d, LLMs act as scaffolds to the development and enactment of our ongoing comportment, not only with them but also in the broader environment in which we are embedded. From the perspective of scaffolding as it is understood in the philosophy of cognitive science literature, we will argue that LLMs qua \u201cfriends\u201d are proving to be damaging to the overall interests of the users who engage with them. We will show that this generally manifests in terms of a growth in the addictive dependency those agents have on LLM-\u201cfriends\u201d, as well as the social and moral deskilling they risk suffering, alongside the social demotivation they are likely to experience. Furthermore, we will contend that LLM-\u201cfriends\u201d are not only harmful but hostile, whereby the overall interests of the agent utilising the LLM are undermined whilst those of another agent, who was actively involved in the establishment and refinement of the technology, are furthered. This \u201cother agent\u201d is the corporate body that is actively exploiting and profiting from the social difficulties many are currently facing, which are evinced most markedly by reports of rampant global loneliness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-026-09765-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T06:00:22Z","timestamp":1772085622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["LLM-\u201cFriends\u201d are Hostile Scaffolds in the Age of Loneliness"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4728-7301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siavosh","family":"Sahebi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4119-8903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darius","family":"Parvizi-Wayne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"9765_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/09515089.2020.1845640","volume":"34","author":"J Aagaard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aagaard, J. (2021). 4E cognition and the dogma of harmony. Philosophical Psychology, 34(2), 165\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09515089.2020.1845640","journal-title":"Philosophical Psychology"},{"issue":"8062","key":"9765_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-025-01349-9","volume":"641","author":"D Adam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Adam, D. (2025). Supportive? Addictive? Abusive? How AI companions affect our mental health. Nature, 641(8062), 296\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-025-01349-9","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"9765_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/09515080120033571","volume":"14","author":"F Adams","year":"2001","unstructured":"Adams, F., & Aizawa, K. (2001). The bounds of cognition. Philosophical Psychology, 14(1), 43\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09515080120033571","journal-title":"Philosophical Psychology"},{"key":"9765_CR4","unstructured":"Bernardi, J. (2025). Friends for sale: The rise and risks of AI companions. Ada Lovelace Institute. https:\/\/www.adalovelaceinstitute.org\/blog\/ai-companions\/"},{"key":"9765_CR5","unstructured":"Bhuiyan, J. (2024). Companies building AI-powered tech are using your posts. The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2024\/nov\/15\/x-ai-gmail-meta-privacy-settings"},{"key":"9765_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boine, C. (2023). Emotional Attachment to AI Companions and European Law. MIT case studies in social and ethical responsibilities of computing, Winter 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21428\/2c646de5.db67ec7f","DOI":"10.21428\/2c646de5.db67ec7f"},{"key":"9765_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00599","author":"J Bruineberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bruineberg, J., & Rietveld, E. (2014). Self-organization, free energy minimization, and optimal grip on a field of affordances. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00599","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"9765_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chatterji, A., Cunningham, T., Deming, D. J., Hitzig, Z., Ong, C., Shan, C. Y., & Wadman, K. (2025). How people use ChatGPT (Working Paper No. 34255). National Bureau of Economic Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w34255","DOI":"10.3386\/w34255"},{"key":"9765_CR10","unstructured":"Chen, A. (2025). The rise of chatbot \u201cfriends.\u201d Vox. https:\/\/www.vox.com\/future-perfect\/405680\/artificial-intelligence-chatbot-friends-relationships-philosophy"},{"key":"9765_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choi, D., Lee, S., Kim, S.-I., Lee, K., Yoo, H. J., Lee, S., & Hong, H. (2024). Unlock life with a chat (GPT): Integrating conversational AI with large language models into everyday lives of autistic individuals. In Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1\u201317). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3613904.3641989","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3641989"},{"key":"9765_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choi, R., Kim, T., Park, S., Kim, J. G., & Lee, S.-J. (2025). Private yet social: How LLM Chatbots support and challenge eating disorder recovery. In Proceedings of the 2025 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1\u201319). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3706598.3713485","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713485"},{"key":"9765_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, A. (1997). Being There: Putting Mind, Body, and World Together Again.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1552.001.0001"},{"key":"9765_CR14","volume-title":"Natural-born cyborgs: Minds, technologies, and the future of human intelligence","author":"A Clark","year":"2003","unstructured":"Clark, A. (2003). Natural-born cyborgs: Minds, technologies, and the future of human intelligence. Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"9765_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/analys\/58.1.7","volume":"58","author":"A Clark","year":"1998","unstructured":"Clark, A., & Chalmers, D. (1998). The extended mind. Analysis, 58(1), 7\u201319.","journal-title":"Analysis"},{"key":"9765_CR16","unstructured":"Cole, S. (2025). Mark Zuckerberg Thinks You Don\u2019t Have Enough Friends and His Chatbots Are the Answer. 404 Media. https:\/\/www.404media.co\/mark-zuckerberg-ai-chatbot-friends-interview-podcast\/"},{"issue":"8","key":"9765_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1080\/09515089.2014.976334","volume":"28","author":"G Colombetti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Colombetti, G., & Krueger, J. (2015). Scaffoldings of the affective mind. Philosophical Psychology, 28(8), 1157\u20131176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09515089.2014.976334","journal-title":"Philosophical Psychology"},{"key":"9765_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-023-02024-3","author":"S Coninx","year":"2023","unstructured":"Coninx, S. (2023). The dark side of niche construction. Philosophical Studies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11098-023-02024-3","journal-title":"Philosophical Studies"},{"key":"9765_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/24689300-bja10019","author":"S Coninx","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coninx, S., & Stephan, A. (2021). A taxonomy of environmentally scaffolded affectivity. Danish Yearbook of Philosophy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/24689300-bja10019","journal-title":"Danish Yearbook of Philosophy"},{"issue":"5","key":"9765_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwae016","volume":"36","author":"EAJ Croes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Croes, E. A. J., Antheunis, M. L., Van Der Lee, C., & De Wit, J. M. S. (2024). Digital confessions: The willingness to disclose intimate information to a chatbot and its impact on emotional well-being. Interacting with Computers, 36(5), 279\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/iwc\/iwae016","journal-title":"Interacting with Computers"},{"issue":"4","key":"9765_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01392.x","volume":"101","author":"SR Currie","year":"2006","unstructured":"Currie, S. R., Hodgins, D. C., Wang, J., el-Guebaly, N., Wynne, H., & Chen, S. (2006). Risk of harm among gamblers in the general population as a function of level of participation in gambling activities. Addiction, 101(4), 570\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01392.x","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"9765_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-024-10148-2","author":"MJ Dengs\u00f8","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dengs\u00f8, M. J. (2025). Scaffolded agents, for better or worse: Assessing the formative aspect of scaffolding. Topoi. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11245-024-10148-2","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"9765_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Freitas, J., O\u011fuz-U\u011furalp, Z.,U\u011furalp, A. K., & Puntoni, S. (2025). AI CompanionsReduce Loneliness. Journal of Consumer Research,ucaf040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jcr\/ucaf040","DOI":"10.1093\/jcr\/ucaf040"},{"issue":"4","key":"9765_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s13164-021-00595-w","volume":"14","author":"RE Fabry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fabry, R. E. (2023). Narrative scaffolding. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 14(4), 1147\u20131167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13164-021-00595-w","journal-title":"Review of Philosophy and Psychology"},{"key":"9765_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-024-10140-w","author":"F Fanti Rovetta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fanti Rovetta, F. (2024). Scaffolded rumination: The case of problematic smartphone use. Topoi. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11245-024-10140-w","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"9765_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-016-9589-z","author":"S Finkelstein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Finkelstein, S., Fishbach, A., & Tu, Y. (2017). When friends exchange negative feedback. Motivation and Emotion. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11031-016-9589-z","journal-title":"Motivation and Emotion"},{"issue":"1","key":"9765_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1353\/ppp.0.0282","volume":"17","author":"B Foddy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Foddy, B., & Savulescu, J. (2010). A liberal account of addiction. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 17(1), 1\u201322.","journal-title":"Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology"},{"key":"9765_CR28","unstructured":"Fowler, G. A. (2025). Column | Zuckerberg\u2019s new Meta AI app gets personal in a very creepy way. The Washington Post. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2025\/05\/05\/meta-ai-privacy\/"},{"key":"9765_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00443","author":"S Gallagher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gallagher, S. (2013). A pattern theory of self. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00443","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"9765_CR30","first-page":"313","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of emotion dysregulation","author":"EG Garland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garland, E. G., Bell, S., Atchley, R. M., & Froeliger, B. (2020). Emotion dysregulation in addiction. In T. P. Beauchaine & S. E. Crowell (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of emotion dysregulation (pp. 313\u2013326). Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"9765_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/soc15010006","volume":"15","author":"M Gerlich","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gerlich, M. (2025). AI tools in society: Impacts on cognitive offloading and the future of critical thinking. Societies, 15(1), Article 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/soc15010006","journal-title":"Societies"},{"key":"9765_CR32","unstructured":"Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception: Classic edition. Houghton Mifflin."},{"key":"9765_CR33","unstructured":"Giray, L. (2024). Conceptualizing AI addiction. ResearchGate. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/381111596_Conceptualizing_AI_Addiction_Self-Reported_Cases_of_Addiction_to_an_AI_Chatbot"},{"key":"9765_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gur, T., & Maaravi, Y. (2025). The algorithm of friendship: Literature review and integrative model of relationships between humans and artificial intelligence (AI). Behaviour & Information Technology, 44(14), 3446\u20133466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144929X.2025.2502467","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2025.2502467"},{"key":"9765_CR34","unstructured":"Hau, I., & Winthrop, R. (2025). What happens when AI chatbots replace real human connection. Brookings. https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/articles\/what-happens-when-ai-chatbots-replace-real-human-connection\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"9765_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-014-9355-1","volume":"14","author":"R Heersmink","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heersmink, R. (2015). Dimensions of integration in embedded and extended cognitive systems. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 14(3), 577\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11097-014-9355-1","journal-title":"Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"9765_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.12549","volume":"13","author":"R Heersmink","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heersmink, R. (2021). Varieties of artifacts: Embodied, perceptual, cognitive, and affective. Topics in Cognitive Science, 13(4), 573\u2013596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tops.12549","journal-title":"Topics in Cognitive Science"},{"key":"9765_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1081810","volume":"14","author":"E Henden","year":"2023","unstructured":"Henden, E. (2023). Addiction and autonomy: Why emotional dysregulation in addiction impairs autonomy and why it matters. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1081810","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"9765_CR38","volume-title":"Limits to action","author":"RJ Herrnstein","year":"1980","unstructured":"Herrnstein, R. J., & Vaughan, W. (1980). Melioration and behavioral allocation. In J. E. R. Staddon (Ed.), Limits to action. Academic Press."},{"key":"9765_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00042990","volume":"19","author":"GM Heyman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Heyman, G. M. (1996). Resolving the contradictions of addiction. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 19, 561\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0140525X00042990","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"9765_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvjf9xd9","volume-title":"Addiction: A disorder of choice","author":"GM Heyman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Heyman, G. M. (2009). Addiction: A disorder of choice. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9765_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00031","volume":"4","author":"GM Heyman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heyman, G. M. (2013). Addiction and choice: Theory and new data. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, Article 31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00031","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"9765_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112899","volume":"397","author":"GM Heyman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heyman, G. M. (2021). How individuals make choices explains addiction\u2019s distinctive, non-eliminable features. Behavioural Brain Research, 397, Article 112899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112899","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"9765_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16757","volume":"120","author":"SE Jackson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jackson, S. E., Jarvis, M. J., & West, R. (2025). The price of a cigarette: 20 minutes of life? Addiction, 120(5), 810\u2013812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.16757","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"9765_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-024-10110-2","volume":"44","author":"A Jefferson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jefferson, A., Heinrichs, J.-H., & Sifferd, K. (2025). Scaffolding bad moral agents. Topoi, 44(2), 445\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11245-024-10110-2","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"9765_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10677-023-10385-1","volume":"26","author":"A Jefferson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jefferson, A., & Sifferd, K. (2023). Responsible agency and the importance of moral audience. Ethical Theory Moral, 26, 361\u2013375.","journal-title":"Ethical Theory Moral"},{"key":"9765_CR46","unstructured":"Johnson, S. (2023). WHO declares loneliness a \u2018global public health concern.\u2019 The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2023\/nov\/16\/who-declares-loneliness-a-global-public-health-concern"},{"issue":"4","key":"9765_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-023-00685-w","volume":"36","author":"B Kashyap","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kashyap, B., & Formosa, P. (2023). The authority to moderate: Social media moderation and its limits. Philosophy and Technology, 36(4), 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-023-00685-w","journal-title":"Philosophy and Technology"},{"key":"9765_CR48","first-page":"140","volume-title":"Morality, moral behavior, and moral development","author":"M Keller","year":"1984","unstructured":"Keller, M. (1984). Resolving conflicts in friendship. In W. Kurtines & J. Gewirtz (Eds.), Morality, moral behavior, and moral development (pp. 140\u2013158). John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"9765_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kempt, H. (2025). Human\u2013AI friendship. In P. Hacker, (Ed.), Oxford Intersections: AI in Society (p. 0). Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/9780198945215.003.0060","DOI":"10.1093\/9780198945215.003.0060"},{"key":"9765_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/65589","volume":"27","author":"M Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim, M., Lee, S., Kim, S., Heo, J., Lee, S., Shin, Y.-B., Cho, C.-H., & Jung, D. (2025). Therapeutic potential of social chatbots in alleviating loneliness and social anxiety: Quasi-experimental mixed methods study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 27, Article e65589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/65589","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"9765_CR51","unstructured":"Klee, M. (2025). People are losing loved ones to AI-fueled spiritual fantasies. Rolling Stone. https:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/culture\/culture-features\/ai-spiritual-delusions-destroying-human-relationships-1235330175\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"9765_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.5840\/philtopics201947223","volume":"47","author":"J Krueger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krueger, J., & Osler, L. (2019). Engineering affect: Emotion regulation, the Internet, and the techno-social niche. Philosophical Topics, 47(2), 205\u2013232.","journal-title":"Philosophical Topics"},{"issue":"1","key":"9765_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s44204-025-00247-1","volume":"4","author":"O Kudina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kudina, O., Ballsun-Stanton, B., & Alfano, M. (2025). The use of large language models as scaffolds for proleptic reasoning. Asian Journal of Philosophy, 4(1), 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44204-025-00247-1","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"9765_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2012.45-229","volume":"45","author":"AN Kurti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kurti, A. N., & Dallery, J. (2012). Review of Heyman\u2019s addiction: A disorder of choice. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 45, 229\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jaba.2012.45-229","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis"},{"key":"9765_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laban, G., Chiang, S., & Gunes, H. (2025). What people share with a robot when feeling lonely and stressed and how it helps over time (No. arXiv:2504.02991). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2504.02991","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2504.02991"},{"key":"9765_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laestadius, L., Bishop, A., Gonzalez, M., Illen\u010d\u00edk, D., & Campos-Castillo, C. (2024). Too human and not human enough: A grounded theory analysis of mental health harms from emotional dependence on the social chatbot Replika. New Media & Society, 26(10), 5923\u20135941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14614448221142007","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221142007"},{"issue":"0","key":"9765_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0020174X.2023.2194321","volume":"0","author":"Z Lavallee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lavallee, Z. (2023). Affective scaffolding in addiction. Inquiry, 0(0), 1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0020174X.2023.2194321","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"issue":"2","key":"9765_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-024-10147-3","volume":"44","author":"Z Lavallee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lavallee, Z. (2025). There\u2019s a pill for that: Bad pharmaceutical scaffolding and psychiatrization. Topoi, 44(2), 353\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11245-024-10147-3","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"issue":"3","key":"9765_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1353\/cjp.2006.0018","volume":"36","author":"N Levy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Levy, N. (2006). Autonomy and addiction. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 36(3), 427\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/cjp.2006.0018","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"9765_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00024","volume":"4","author":"N Levy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Levy, N. (2013). Addiction is not a brain disease (and it matters). Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, Article 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"9765_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/phpr.12701","volume":"103","author":"S Liao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liao, S., & Huebner, B. (2021). Oppressive things. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 103(1), 92\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/phpr.12701","journal-title":"Philosophy and Phenomenological Research"},{"key":"9765_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-025-10247-8","author":"M Lott","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lott, M., & Hasselberger, W. (2025). With friends like these: Love and friendship with AI agents. Topoi. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11245-025-10247-8","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"9765_CR62","unstructured":"Mahari, R., & Pataranutaporn, P. (2024). We need to prepare for \u2018addictive intelligence.\u2019 MIT Technology Review. https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2024\/08\/05\/1095600\/we-need-to-prepare-for-addictive-intelligence\/"},{"key":"9765_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malafouris, L. (2013). How things shape the mind: A theory of material engagement. The MIT Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7551\/mitpress\/9476.001.0001","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9476.001.0001"},{"key":"9765_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-025-02318-6","author":"K Malfacini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Malfacini, K. (2025). The impacts of companion AI on human relationships. AI and Society. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00146-025-02318-6","journal-title":"AI and Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"9765_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s44184-023-00047-6","volume":"3","author":"B Maples","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maples, B., Cerit, M., Vishwanath, A., & Pea, R. (2024). Loneliness and suicide mitigation for students using GPT3-enabled chatbots. Npj Mental Health Research, 3(1), 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44184-023-00047-6","journal-title":"Npj Mental Health Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"9765_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.21899","volume":"41","author":"HR Marriott","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marriott, H. R., & Pitardi, V. (2024). One is the loneliest number. Psychology and Marketing, 41(1), 86\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mar.21899","journal-title":"Psychology and Marketing"},{"key":"9765_CR67","unstructured":"McCallum, S. (2022). Meta settles Cambridge Analytica scandal case for $725m. BBC. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/technology-64075067"},{"issue":"2","key":"9765_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/ejop.12408","volume":"27","author":"V McGeer","year":"2019","unstructured":"McGeer, V. (2019). Scaffolding agency: A proleptic account of the reactive attitudes. European Journal of Philosophy, 27(2), 301\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejop.12408","journal-title":"European Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"9765_CR69","unstructured":"Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of Perception (D. A. Landes, Ed.). The Humanities Press."},{"key":"9765_CR70","unstructured":"Meta. (2025). Introducing the meta AI app: A new way to access your AI assistant. Meta Newsroom. https:\/\/about.fb.com\/news\/2025\/04\/introducing-meta-ai-app-new-way-access-ai-assistant\/"},{"key":"9765_CR71","unstructured":"Meyer, A. (2024). I took up smoking one cigarette per week. Medium. https:\/\/literaryminded.medium.com\/i-took-up-smoking-one-cigarette-per-week-b7b9798e58a8"},{"key":"9765_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.14395","author":"J Millard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Millard, J., Christie, A. P., Dicks, L. V., Isip, J. E., Johnson, T. F., Skinner, G., & Spake, R. (2024). ChatGPT is likely reducing opportunity for support, friendship and learned kindness in research. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/2041-210X.14395","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"9765_CR73","unstructured":"Milmo, D. (2025). Will other countries follow Australia\u2019s social media ban for under-16s? The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/australia-news\/2025\/dec\/13\/will-other-countries-follow-australia-social-media-ban-under-16s"},{"key":"9765_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/9780198945215.003.0076","volume-title":"Oxford intersections: AI in society","author":"N Munn","year":"2025","unstructured":"Munn, N., & Weijers, D. (2025). Human\u2013AI friendship is possible and can be good. In P. Hacker (Ed.), Oxford intersections: AI in society. Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/9780198945215.003.0076"},{"issue":"4","key":"9765_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s13164-022-00625-1","volume":"14","author":"M Nagatsu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nagatsu, M., & Salmela, M. (2023). Interpersonal and collective affective niche construction: Empirical and normative perspectives on social media. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 14(4), 1169\u20131196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13164-022-00625-1","journal-title":"Review of Philosophy and Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9765_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2024.2365177","volume":"33","author":"P Newall","year":"2025","unstructured":"Newall, P., Rawat, V., Hing, N., Browne, M., Russell, A. M. T., Li, E., Rockloff, M., & Dellosa, G. (2025). Does the lived experience of gambling accord with quantitative self-report scores of gambling-related harm? Addiction Research & Theory, 33(2), 150\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16066359.2024.2365177","journal-title":"Addiction Research & Theory"},{"issue":"1","key":"9765_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s13164-023-00720-x","volume":"16","author":"A Newen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Newen, A., & Fabry, R. E. (2025). A pattern theory of scaffolding. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 16(1), 65\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13164-023-00720-x","journal-title":"Review of Philosophy and Psychology"},{"key":"9765_CR78","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, J. (2025). AI companions are the final stage of digital addiction, and lawmakers are taking aim. MIT Technology Review. https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2025\/04\/08\/1114369\/ai-companions-are-the-final-stage-of-digital-addiction-and-lawmakers-are-taking-aim\/"},{"key":"9765_CR79","unstructured":"Office of the Surgeon General (OSG). (2023). Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The U.S. Surgeon General\u2019s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community. US Department of Health and Human Services. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK595227\/"},{"key":"9765_CR80","unstructured":"OpenAI. (2025). Sycophancy in GPT-4o: What happened and what we\u2019re doing about it. https:\/\/openai.com\/index\/sycophancy-in-gpt-4o\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"9765_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-021-09785-8","volume":"41","author":"L Osler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Osler, L., & Krueger, J. (2022). ProAna worlds: Affectivity and echo chambers online. Topoi, 41(5), 883\u2013893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11245-021-09785-8","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"9765_CR83","volume-title":"Reasons and Persons","author":"D Parfit","year":"1984","unstructured":"Parfit, D. (1984). Reasons and Persons. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9765_CR82","unstructured":"Pataranutaporn, P. (2025, December 6). A new industry of AI companions is emerging. MIT Media Lab. https:\/\/www.media.mit.edu\/articles\/a-new-industry-of-ai-companions-is-emerging\/"},{"key":"9765_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107600","volume":"140","author":"I Pentina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pentina, I., Hancock, T., & Xie, T. (2023). Exploring relationship development with social chatbots: A mixed-method study of replika. Computers in Human Behavior, 140, Article 107600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107600","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"9765_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Phang, J., Lampe, M., Ahmad, L., Agarwal, S., Fang, C. M., Liu, A. R., Danry, V., Lee, E., Chan, S. W. T., Pataranutaporn, P., & Maes, P. (2025). Investigating Affective Use and Emotional Well-being on ChatGPT (No. arXiv:2504.03888). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2504.03888","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2504.03888"},{"key":"9765_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickard, H. (2018). The puzzle of addiction. The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy and Science of Addiction, 9\u201322.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315689197-2"},{"key":"9765_CR87","unstructured":"Raedler, J. B., Swaroop, S., & Pan, W. (2025). AI companions are not the solution to loneliness. ICLR 2025 Workshop on Human-AI Coevolution. https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=xFrlcTacCE"},{"key":"9765_CR88","unstructured":"Reeves, M. (2025). AI is using your likes to get inside your head. Wired. https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/like-the-button-that-changed-the-world-book-excerpt\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"9765_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2024.04.009","volume":"67","author":"J Retkowsky","year":"2024","unstructured":"Retkowsky, J., Hafermalz, E., & Huysman, M. (2024). Managing a ChatGPT-empowered workforce: Understanding its affordances and side effects. Business Horizons, 67(5), 511\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bushor.2024.04.009","journal-title":"Business Horizons"},{"key":"9765_CR90","unstructured":"Robb, M. B., & Mann, S. (2025). Talk, trust and trade-offs: How and why teens use AI companions. Common Sense Media. https:\/\/www.commonsensemedia.org\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/report\/talk-trust-and-trade-offs_2025_web.pdf"},{"key":"9765_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.54.101601.145237","volume":"54","author":"TE Robinson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2003). Addiction. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 25\u201353.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"9765_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ross, D. (2020). Addiction is socially engineered exploitation of natural biological vulnerability. Behavioural Brain Research, 386, 112598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112598"},{"issue":"6","key":"9765_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1080\/09515089.2020.1761542","volume":"33","author":"J Saarinen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saarinen, J. (2020). What can the concept of affective scaffolding do for us? Philosophical Psychology, 33(6), 820\u2013839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09515089.2020.1761542","journal-title":"Philosophical Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9765_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-022-00567-7","volume":"35","author":"S Sahebi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sahebi, S., & Formosa, P. (2022). Social media and its negative impacts on autonomy. Philosophy & Technology, 35(3), Article 70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13347-022-00567-7","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9765_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-025-04963-2","volume":"205","author":"S Sahebi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sahebi, S., & Formosa, P. (2025). The AI-mediated communication dilemma: Epistemic trust, social media, and the challenge of generative artificial intelligence. Synthese, 205(3), Article 128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11229-025-04963-2","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"9765_CR95","unstructured":"Samuel, S. (2024). People are falling in love with\u2014and getting addicted to\u2014AI voices. Vox. https:\/\/www.vox.com\/future-perfect\/367188\/love-addicted-ai-voice-human-gpt4-emotion"},{"key":"9765_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102601","volume":"149","author":"M Skjuve","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skjuve, M., F\u00f8lstad, A., Fostervold, K. I., & Brandtzaeg, P. B. (2021). My chatbot companion\u2014A study of human-chatbot relationships. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 149, Article 102601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102601","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"9765_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smith, M. G., Bradbury, T. N., &Karney, B. R. (2025). Can Generative AI ChatbotsEmulate Human Connection? A Relationship SciencePerspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science,20(6), 1081\u20131099.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17456916251351306","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916251351306"},{"issue":"3","key":"9765_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-023-09962-x","volume":"43","author":"D Spurrett","year":"2024","unstructured":"Spurrett, D. (2024). On hostile and oppressive affective technologies. Topoi, 43(3), 821\u2013832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11245-023-09962-x","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"9765_CR100","volume-title":"Thought in a Hostile World: The Evolution of Human Cognition","author":"K Sterelny","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sterelny, K. (2003). Thought in a Hostile World: The Evolution of Human Cognition. Wiley-Blackwell."},{"issue":"4","key":"9765_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-010-9174-y","volume":"9","author":"K Sterelny","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sterelny, K. (2010). Minds: Extended or scaffolded? Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 9(4), 465\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11097-010-9174-y","journal-title":"Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"0","key":"9765_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0020174X.2025.2518448","volume":"0","author":"LU Sung","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sung, L. U., & Ferdman, A. (2025). Empathetic large language models, the social capacities and human flourishing. Inquiry, 0(0), 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0020174X.2025.2518448","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"9765_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106699","volume":"114","author":"Y Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2021). A review of theories and models applied in studies of social media addiction and implications for future research. Addictive Behaviors, 114, Article 106699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106699","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"9765_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067068","volume":"376","author":"DL Surkalim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Surkalim, D. L., Luo, M., Eres, R., Gebel, K., van Buskirk, J., Bauman, A., & Ding, D. (2022). The prevalence of loneliness across 113 countries: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 376, Article e067068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2021-067068","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"9765_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutton, J. (2016). Scaffolding memory: Themes, taxonomies, puzzles. In Contextualizing human memory: An interdisciplinary approach to understanding how individuals and groups remember the past (pp. 187\u2013205). Routledge\/Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315815398-10"},{"issue":"3","key":"9765_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/16235","volume":"22","author":"V Ta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ta, V., Griffith, C., Boatfield, C., Wang, X., Civitello, M., Bader, H., DeCero, E., & Loggarakis, A. (2020). User experiences of social support from companion chatbots in everyday contexts: Thematic analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(3), Article e16235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/16235","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"9765_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/05568641.2023.2231652","volume":"52","author":"R Timms","year":"2023","unstructured":"Timms, R., & Spurrett, D. (2023). Hostile scaffolding. Philosophical Papers, 52(1), 53\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/05568641.2023.2231652","journal-title":"Philosophical Papers"},{"issue":"3","key":"9765_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-024-10031-0","volume":"43","author":"C Voinea","year":"2024","unstructured":"Voinea, C., Marin, L., & Vic\u0103, C. (2024). Digital slot machines: Social media platforms as attentional scaffolds. Topoi, 43(3), 685\u2013695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11245-024-10031-0","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"issue":"4","key":"9765_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00141408","volume":"24","author":"RM Volbrecht","year":"1990","unstructured":"Volbrecht, R. M. (1990). Friendship: Mutual apprenticeship in moral development. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 24(4), 301\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00141408","journal-title":"The Journal of Value Inquiry"},{"key":"9765_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: Development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/j.ctvjf9vz4","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvjf9vz4"},{"key":"9765_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-024-10095-y","author":"B White","year":"2024","unstructured":"White, B. (2024). Techno-wantons: Adaptive technology and the will of tomorrow. Topoi. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11245-024-10095-y","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"9765_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511816826.004","volume-title":"The Cambridge handbook of situated cognition","author":"RA Wilson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wilson, R. A., & Clark, A. (2008). How to situate cognition: letting nature take its course. In M. Aydede & P. Robbins (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of situated cognition (pp. 55\u201377). Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511816826.004"},{"key":"9765_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wynter, A. de. (2025). If eleanor rigby had met ChatGPT: A study on loneliness in a Post-LLM world (No. arXiv:2412.01617). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2412.01617","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2412.01617"},{"key":"9765_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xie, T., Pentina, I., & Hancock, T.(2023). Friend, mentor, lover: Doeschatbot engagement lead to psychologicaldependence? Journal of Service Management, 34(4),806\u2013828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JOSM-02-2022-0072","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-02-2022-0072"},{"issue":"1","key":"9765_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s44230-025-00090-w","volume":"5","author":"A Yankouskaya","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yankouskaya, A., Liebherr, M., & Ali, R. (2025). Can ChatGPT be addictive? Human-Centric Intelligent Systems, 5(1), 77\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44230-025-00090-w","journal-title":"Human-Centric Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"9765_CR114","unstructured":"Yousif, N. (2025). Parents of teenager who took his own life sue OpenAI. BBC. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/cgerwp7rdlvo"},{"key":"9765_CR115","unstructured":"Zao-Sanders, M. (2025). How people are really using gen AI in 2025. Harvard Business Review. https:\/\/hbr.org\/2025\/04\/how-people-are-really-using-gen-ai-in-2025"},{"key":"9765_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zheng, X., Li, Z., Gui, X., & Luo, Y. (2025). Customizing emotional support: How do individuals construct and interact with LLM-powered Chatbots. In Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1\u201320). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3706598.3713453","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713453"}],"container-title":["Minds and Machines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-026-09765-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11023-026-09765-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11023-026-09765-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:54:38Z","timestamp":1781636078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11023-026-09765-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9765"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11023-026-09765-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1572-8641"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1572-8641","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 March 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original online version of this article was revised due to corrections in sub-section heading numbers.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}}],"article-number":"13"}}