{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T19:04:09Z","timestamp":1773342249633,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"RISE Research Institutes of Sweden"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mobile Netw Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-025-02460-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T07:44:38Z","timestamp":1758527078000},"page":"356-368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Security Benchmarking Approach for Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA) Applications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Mateen","family":"Malik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Behrooz","family":"Sangchoolie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2460_CR1","unstructured":"Committee CDAC, Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Cooperative Driving Automation for On-Road Motor Vehicles. SAE Standard J3216_202107. Accessed 29 Jul 2024. https:\/\/www.sae.org\/standards\/content\/j3216_202107\/"},{"key":"2460_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lammert MP, Duran A, Diez J, Burton K, Nicholson A (2014) Effect of platooning on fuel consumption of class 8 vehicles over a range of speeds, following distances, and mass. SAE Intern J Commer Vehicles 7(2014-01-2438):626\u2013639","DOI":"10.4271\/2014-01-2438"},{"issue":"5","key":"2460_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2598873","volume":"18","author":"J Axelsson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Axelsson J (2016) Safety in vehicle platooning: A systematic literature review. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 18(5):1033\u20131045","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"2460_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrillo A, Pescap\u00e8 A, Santini S (2017) A collaborative control strategy for platoons of autonomous vehicles in the presence of message falsification attacks. In: 2017 5th IEEE International Conference on Models and Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems (MT-ITS), pp 110\u2013115","DOI":"10.1109\/MTITS.2017.8005648"},{"key":"2460_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alipour-Fanid A, Dabaghchian M, Zeng K (2017) Platoon stability and safety analysis of cooperative adaptive cruise control under wireless rician fading channels and jamming attacks. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1710.08476","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1710.08476"},{"key":"2460_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heijden R, Lukaseder T, Kargl F (2017) Analyzing Attacks on Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC). In: 2017 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), pp 45\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VNC.2017.8275598","DOI":"10.1109\/VNC.2017.8275598"},{"key":"2460_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malik M, Maleki M, Folkesson P, Sangchoolie B, Karlsson J (2022) ComFASE: A Tool for Evaluating the Effects of V2V Communication Faults and Attacks on Automated Vehicles. In: 2022 52nd Annual IEEE\/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN), pp 185\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DSN53405.2022.00029","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN53405.2022.00029"},{"key":"2460_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Segata M, Joerer S, Bloessl B, Sommer C, Dressler F, Cigno RL (2014) Plexe: A platooning extension for veins. In: 2014 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), pp 53\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VNC.2014.7013309","DOI":"10.1109\/VNC.2014.7013309"},{"issue":"1","key":"2460_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2010.133","volume":"10","author":"C Sommer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sommer C, German R, Dressler F (2011) Bidirectionally Coupled Network and Road Traffic Simulation for Improved IVC Analysis. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 10(1):3\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMC.2010.133","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Mob Comput"},{"key":"2460_CR10","unstructured":"omnetpp.org: OMNet++ Simulation Models and Tools. https:\/\/omnetpp.org\/. Accessed 27 Mar 2025"},{"key":"2460_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lopez PA, Behrisch M, Bieker-Walz L, Erdmann J, Fl\u00f6tter\u00f6d Y-P, Hilbrich R, L\u00fccken L, Rummel J, Wagner P, Wiessner E (2018) Microscopic Traffic Simulation using SUMO. In: 2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), pp 2575\u20132582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ITSC.2018.8569938","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2018.8569938"},{"key":"2460_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik M, Sangchoolie B, Karlsson J (2024) A Simulation-based Security Benchmarking Approach for Assessing Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA) Applications. In: 2024 EAI International Conference on Intelligent Transport Systems (INTSYS). https:\/\/doi.org\/Accepted_paper_for_INTSYS_Conference","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-86370-7_15"},{"issue":"1","key":"2460_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2014.2328670","volume":"7","author":"A Ali","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ali A, Garcia G, Martinet P (2015) The Flatbed Platoon Towing Model for Safe and Dense Platooning on Highways. IEEE Intell Transport Syst Mag 7(1):58\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MITS.2014.2328670","journal-title":"IEEE Intell Transport Syst Mag"},{"issue":"1","key":"2460_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2014.2349498","volume":"16","author":"J Ploeg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ploeg J, Semsar-Kazerooni E, Lijster G, Wouw N, Nijmeijer H (2015) Graceful Degradation of Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 16(1):488\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TITS.2014.2349498","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"2460_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2585018","volume":"66","author":"S Santini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santini S, Salvi A, Valente AS, Pescap\u00e9 A, Segata M, Lo Cigno R (2017) A Consensus-Based Approach for Platooning with Intervehicular Communications and Its Validation in Realistic Scenarios. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 66(3):1985\u20131999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVT.2016.2585018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh Technol"},{"key":"2460_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conte TM, Hwu W-MW (1995) Advances in benchmarking techniques: New standards and quantitative metrics. In: Advances in Computers vol 41, pp 231\u2013253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2458(08)60235-1"},{"key":"2460_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.10.027","volume":"110","author":"RA Oliveira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oliveira RA, Raga MM, Laranjeiro N, Vieira M (2020) An approach for benchmarking the security of web service frameworks. Fut Gen Comput Syst 110:833\u2013848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.future.2019.10.027","journal-title":"Fut Gen Comput Syst"},{"key":"2460_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anisetti M, Ardagna CA, Damiani E, Gaudenzi F (2017) A Security Benchmark for OpenStack. In: 2017 IEEE 10th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), pp 294\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CLOUD.2017.45","DOI":"10.1109\/CLOUD.2017.45"},{"key":"2460_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Braun C (2007) NETCARBENCH: A benchmark for techniques and tools used in the design of automotive communication systems. In: IFAC Proceedings Volumes, vol 40, pp 321\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3182\/20071107-3-FR-3907.00046","DOI":"10.3182\/20071107-3-FR-3907.00046"},{"key":"2460_CR20","unstructured":"Shladover SE, Nowakowski C, Lu X-Y (2018) Using cooperative adaptive cruise control (cacc) to form high-performance vehicle streams. Definitions, literature review and operational concept alternatives"},{"key":"2460_CR21","unstructured":"Kalogiannis K (2020) Investigating attacks on vehicular platooning and cooperative adaptive cruise control. PhD thesis, KTH"},{"issue":"4","key":"2460_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1109\/87.852914","volume":"8","author":"R Rajamani","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rajamani R, Tan H-S, Law BK, Zhang W-B (2000) Demonstration of integrated longitudinal and lateral control for the operation of automated vehicles in platoons. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol 8(4):695\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/87.852914","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol"},{"key":"2460_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ploeg J, Scheepers BTM, Nunen E, Wouw N, Nijmeijer H (2011) Design and experimental evaluation of cooperative adaptive cruise control. In: 2011 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), pp 260\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ITSC.2011.6082981","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2011.6082981"},{"key":"2460_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Santini S, Salvi A, Valente A, Pescap\u00e8 A, Segata M, Lo Cigno R (2015). A Consensus-based Approach for Platooning with Inter-Vehicular Communications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/INFOCOM.2015.7218490","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2015.7218490"},{"key":"2460_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.11591\/ijece.v7i1.pp271-284","volume":"7","author":"A Jirjees","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jirjees A (2017) Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Growth and Survey for Three Layers. Intern J Electric Comput Eng (IJECE) 7:271\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11591\/ijece.v7i1.pp271-284","journal-title":"Intern J Electric Comput Eng (IJECE)"},{"key":"2460_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jiang D, Delgrossi L (2008) IEEE 802.11p: Towards an International Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments. In: IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 2036\u20132040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VETECS.2008.458","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2008.458"},{"key":"2460_CR27","unstructured":"Generation Partnership Project\u00a0(3GPP) (2022) Study on LTE support for V2X services. Technical report, 3GPP. http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/ftp\/Specs\/archive\/22_series\/22.185\/22185-f00.zip"},{"issue":"1","key":"2460_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2016.13","volume":"14","author":"M Lichtman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lichtman M, Poston JD, Amuru S, Shahriar C, Clancy TC, Buehrer RM, Reed JH (2016) A communications jamming taxonomy. IEEE Secur Priv 14(1):47\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MSP.2016.13","journal-title":"IEEE Secur Priv"},{"key":"2460_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mahal JA, Shahriar C, Clancy TC (2015) Emulated cp jamming and nulling attacks on sc-fdma and two novel countermeasures. In: MILCOM 2015 - 2015 IEEE Military Communications Conference, pp 275\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MILCOM.2015.7357455","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2015.7357455"},{"key":"2460_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moser D, Lenders V, Capkun S (2019) Digital radio signal cancellation attacks: an experimental evaluation. In: Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks. WiSec \u201919, pp 23\u201333. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3317549.3319720","DOI":"10.1145\/3317549.3319720"},{"key":"2460_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patounas G, Zhang Y, Gjessing S (2015) Evaluating defence schemes against jamming in vehicle platoon networks. In: 2015 IEEE 18th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, pp 2153\u20132158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ITSC.2015.348","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2015.348"},{"key":"2460_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hu Y, Shan H, Dutta RG, Jin Y (2020) Protecting Platoons from Stealthy Jamming Attack. In: 2020 Asian Hardware Oriented Security and Trust Symposium (AsianHOST), pp 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/AsianHOST51057.2020.9358269","DOI":"10.1109\/AsianHOST51057.2020.9358269"},{"issue":"8","key":"2460_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4792","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2022.3154643","volume":"22","author":"M Segata","year":"2023","unstructured":"Segata M, Cigno RL, Hardes T, Heinovski J, Schettler M, Bloessl B, Sommer C, Dressler F (2023) Multi-Technology Cooperative Driving: An Analysis Based on PLEXE. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 22(8):4792\u20134806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMC.2022.3154643","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Mob Comput"},{"key":"2460_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kanoun K (2008). Dependability Benchmarking for Computer Systems. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470370506","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470370506"},{"key":"2460_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maleki M, Malik M, Folkesson P, Sangchoolie B, Karlsson J (2022) Modeling and evaluating the effects of jamming attacks on connected automated road vehicles. In: 2022 IEEE 27th Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing (PRDC), pp 12\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PRDC55274.2022.00016","DOI":"10.1109\/PRDC55274.2022.00016"},{"key":"2460_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dur\u00e3es J, Vieira M, Madeira H (2004) Dependability Benchmarking of Web-Servers, pp 297\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-30138-7_25","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30138-7_25"},{"key":"2460_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schuldt F, Ulbrich S, Menzel T, Reschka A, Maurer M (2015) Defining and Substantiating the Terms Scene, Situation, and Scenario for Automated Driving. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ITSC.2015.164","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2015.164"},{"key":"2460_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sommer C, Joerer S, Dressler F (2012) On the applicability of two-ray path loss models for vehicular network simulation. In: 2012 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC), pp 64\u201369","DOI":"10.1109\/VNC.2012.6407446"}],"container-title":["Mobile Networks and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11036-025-02460-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11036-025-02460-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11036-025-02460-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:53:57Z","timestamp":1773309237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11036-025-02460-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2460"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11036-025-02460-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1383-469X","1572-8153"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1383-469X","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8153","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 August 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}