{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T12:14:50Z","timestamp":1763468090993,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,14]],"date-time":"2012-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1344902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-012-1202-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,13]],"date-time":"2012-08-13T19:25:44Z","timestamp":1344885944000},"page":"543-568","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Real-time eye-gaze estimation using a low-resolution webcam"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Yu-Tzu","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruei-Yan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chih","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greg C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1202_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2002.1021581","volume":"10","author":"M Betke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Betke M, Gips J, Fleming P (2002) The camera mouse: visual tracking of body features to provide computer access for people with severe disabilities. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 10(1):1\u201310","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"1202_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang CC and Lin CJ (2011) \u201cLIBSVM: a library for support vector machines.\u201d ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol Vo. 2, No. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/1961189.1961199"},{"issue":"7","key":"1202_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(99)00036-7","volume":"20","author":"C Colombo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Colombo C, Bimbo AD (1999) Real-time head tracking from the deformation of eye contours using a piecewise affine camera. Pattern Recognit Lett 20(7):721\u2013730","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Lett"},{"key":"1202_CR4","volume-title":"Support-vector network","author":"C Cortes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cortes C, Vapnik V (1995) Support-vector network. Kluwer, Boston"},{"issue":"1","key":"1202_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2004.07.014","volume":"98","author":"I Fasel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fasel I, Fortenberry B, Movellan J (2005) A generative framework for real time object detection and classification. Comput Vis Image Underst 98(1):182\u2013210","journal-title":"Comput Vis Image Underst"},{"issue":"5","key":"1202_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(00)00042-X","volume":"34","author":"GC Feng","year":"2006","unstructured":"Feng GC, Yuen PC (2006) Multi-cues eye detection on gray intensity image. Pattern Recog 34(5):1033\u20131046","journal-title":"Pattern Recog"},{"issue":"1","key":"1202_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/jcss.1997.1504","volume":"55","author":"Y Freund","year":"1997","unstructured":"Freund Y, Schapire RE (1997) A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting. J Comput Syst Sci 55(1):119\u2013139","journal-title":"J Comput Syst Sci"},{"key":"1202_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Froba B and Kublbeck C (May 2002) \u201cRobust face detection at video frame rate based on edge orientation feature,\u201d IEEE Conf Automatic Face Gesture Recog pp. 342\u2013347, Washington, DC, USA","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2002.1004177"},{"issue":"6","key":"1202_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2005.863952","volume":"53","author":"ED Guestrin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guestrin ED, Eizenman M (2006) General theory of remote gaze estimation using the pupil center and corneal reflections. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 53(6):1124\u20131133","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1202_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10015-007-0459-3","volume":"12","author":"A Hamzah","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hamzah A, Fauzan A, Noraisyah MS (2008) Face localization for facial features extraction using a symmetrical filter and linear Hough transform. Artif Life Robot 12:157\u2013160","journal-title":"Artif Life Robot"},{"key":"1202_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen DW and Hansen JP (June 2006) \u201cRobustifying eye interaction,\u201d IEEE Int\u2019l Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recog Work pp. 152\u2013159","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2006.181"},{"key":"1202_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen D.W, Hansen PJ, Nielsen M, Johansen AS, and Stegmann MB (Dec. 2002) \u201cEye typing using Markov and active appearance models.\u201d Sixth IEEE Workshop Appl Comput Vis pp. 132\u2013136","DOI":"10.1109\/ACV.2002.1182170"},{"issue":"1","key":"1202_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2004.07.013","volume":"98","author":"DW Hansen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hansen DW, Pece AEC (2005) Eye tracking in the wild. Comput Vis Image Underst 98(1):182\u2013210","journal-title":"Comput Vis Image Underst"},{"issue":"3","key":"1202_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.30","volume":"32","author":"DW Hansen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hansen DW, Qiang J (2010) In the eye of the beholder: a survey of models for eyes and gaze. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 32(3):478\u2013500","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"1202_CR15","unstructured":"http:\/\/eyegaze.blogspot.com\/"},{"key":"1202_CR16","unstructured":"Ishikawa T, Baker S, Matthews I, and Kanade T (Oct. 2004) \u201cPassive driver gaze tracking with active appearance models.\u201d Proc. 11th World Congress Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"1202_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-189X(85)90125-2","volume":"29","author":"JN Kapur","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kapur JN, Sahoo PK, Wong AKC (1985) A new method for gray level picture thresholding using the entropy of histogram. Comput vis graphics image process 29(3):273\u2013285","journal-title":"Comput vis graphics image process"},{"issue":"2","key":"1202_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-189X(85)90093-3","volume":"30","author":"JN Kittler","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kittler JN, Illingworth J (1985) Threshold selection based on a simple image statistic. Comput Vis Graphics Image Process 30(2):125\u2013147","journal-title":"Comput Vis Graphics Image Process"},{"key":"1202_CR19","first-page":"53","volume":"1","author":"Z Liu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Liu Z, Wang Y (2000) Face detection and tracking in video using dynamic programming. IEEE Proc ICIP 1:53\u201356","journal-title":"IEEE Proc ICIP"},{"issue":"6","key":"1202_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2008.2003466","volume":"38","author":"JJ Magee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Magee JJ, Betke M, Gips J, Scott MR, Waber BN (2008) A human-computer interface using symmetry between eyes to detect gaze direction. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 38(6):1248\u20131261","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern"},{"issue":"6","key":"1202_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2008.2008369","volume":"38","author":"JJ Magee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Magee JJ, Betke M, Gips J, Scott MR, Waber BN (2008) A human-computer interface using symmetry between eyes to detect gaze direction. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 38(6):1\u201314","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern"},{"key":"1202_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newman R, Matsumoto Y, Rougeaux S, and Zelinsky A (Mar. 2000) \u201cReal-time stereo tracking for head pose and gaze estimation.\u201d Proc Fourth IEEE Int\u2019l Conf Autom Face Gesture Recog pp. 122\u2013128","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2000.840622"},{"key":"1202_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohno T, Mukawa N and Yoshikawa A (Mar. 2002) \u201cFreegaze: a gaze tracking System for Everyday Gaze Interaction,\u201d Proc Eye Tracking Res Appl Symp pp. 125\u2013132","DOI":"10.1145\/507072.507098"},{"key":"1202_CR24","unstructured":"Parameter values for the HDTV standards for production and international programme exchange, ITU-R Rec. BT.709-5, 2002"},{"key":"1202_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng K, Chen L, Ruan S and Kukharev G (Oct. 2005) \u201cA robust algorithm for eye detection on gray intensity face without spectacles.\u201d J Comput Sci Technol Vol. 5, No. 3","DOI":"10.1007\/11552499_34"},{"key":"1202_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2000.902895","volume":"3","author":"SW Shih","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shih SW, Wu YT, Liu J (2000) A calibration-free gaze tracking technique. 15th Int\u2019l Conf Pattern Recog 3:201\u2013204","journal-title":"15th Int\u2019l Conf Pattern Recog"},{"key":"1202_CR27","unstructured":"Stiefelhagen R, Yang J, and Waibel A (1997) \u201cTracking eyes and monitoring eye gaze.\u201d Proc Workshop Perceptual User Interfac pp. 98\u2013100"},{"key":"1202_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-189X(85)90133-1","volume":"29","author":"WH Tsai","year":"1985","unstructured":"Tsai WH (1985) Moment-preserving thresholding: a new approach. Comput vis graphics image process 29:377\u2013393","journal-title":"Comput vis graphics image process"},{"key":"1202_CR29","unstructured":"Valenti R and Gevers T (2008) \u201cAccurate eye center location and tracking using isophote curvature,\u201d IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recog pp. 1\u20138"},{"key":"1202_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villanueva A and Cabeza R (Nov. 2007) \u201cModels for gaze tracking systems.\u201d J Image Video Process Vol. 2007, Issue 4, No. 3","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-5281-2007-023570"},{"key":"1202_CR31","first-page":"511","volume":"1","author":"P Viola","year":"2001","unstructured":"Viola P, Jones MJ (2001) Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features. Proc IEEE Comput Soc Int Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recog 1:511\u2013518","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Comput Soc Int Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recog"},{"issue":"1","key":"1202_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2004.07.008","volume":"98","author":"G Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang G, Sung E, Venkateswarlu R (2005) Estimating the eye gaze from one eye. Comput Vis Image Underst 98(1):83\u2013103","journal-title":"Comput Vis Image Underst"},{"key":"1202_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams O, Blake A, and Cipolla R (Jun. 2006) \u201cSparse and semi-supervised visual mapping with the S3GP,\u201d Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recog pp. 230\u2013237","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2006.285"},{"key":"1202_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu LQ, Machin D, and Sheppard P (1998) \u201cA novel approach to real-time non-intrusive gaze finding.\u201d Proc British Mach Vis Conf","DOI":"10.5244\/C.12.43"},{"issue":"2","key":"1202_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00127169","volume":"8","author":"A Yuille","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yuille A, Hallinan P, Cohen D (1992) Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates. Int\u2019l J Comput Vis 8(2):99\u2013111","journal-title":"Int\u2019l J Comput Vis"},{"key":"1202_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang D and Lu G (July 2003) \u201cEvaluation of MPEG-7 shape descriptors against other shape descriptors.\u201d Multimedia Syst Vol 9, Issue 1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-002-0075-y"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-012-1202-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-012-1202-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-012-1202-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,6]],"date-time":"2025-04-06T21:13:38Z","timestamp":1743974018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-012-1202-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,14]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-012-1202-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1380-7501"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-7721"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,14]]}}}