{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T14:13:50Z","timestamp":1775312030001,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,14]],"date-time":"2018-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-7030-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,14]],"date-time":"2018-12-14T03:56:27Z","timestamp":1544759787000},"page":"16195-16219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Emotion recognition using facial expression by fusing key points descriptor and texture features"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Mukta","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anand Singh","family":"Jalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aamir","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"7030_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdiansah A., Wardoyo R. (2015) Time complexity analysis of support vector machines (SVM) in libSVM. International journal computer and application","DOI":"10.5120\/ijca2015906480"},{"key":"7030_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCVR.2014.065571","volume":"4.4","author":"DD Agrawal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Agrawal DD, Dubey SR, Jalal AS (2014) Emotion recognition from facial expressions based on multi-level classification. International Journal of Computational Vision and Robotics 4.4:365\u2013389","journal-title":"International Journal of Computational Vision and Robotics"},{"issue":"12","key":"7030_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.244","volume":"28","author":"T Ahonen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ahonen T, Hadid A, Pietikainen M (2006) Face description with local binary patterns: application to face recognition. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 28 (12):2037\u20132041","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"7030_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2017.10.008","volume":"49","author":"AS Alphonse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alphonse AS, Dharma D (2017) A novel monogenic directional pattern (MDP) and pseudo-Voigt kernel for facilitating the identification of facial emotions. J Vis Commun Image Represent 49:459\u2013470","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Image Represent"},{"key":"7030_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartlett M, Littlewort G, Fasel I, Movellan R (2003) Real time face detection and facial expression recognition: development and application to human-computer interaction, CVPR Workshop on CVPR for HCI","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2003.10057"},{"key":"7030_CR6","unstructured":"Bartlett MS, Littlewort G, Frank M, Lainscsek C, Fasel I, Movellan J (2005) Recognizing facial expression: machine learning and application to spontaneous behavior. In: IEEE computer society conference on IEEE, computer vision and pattern recognition, 2005. CVPR 2005, vol 2, pp 568\u2013573"},{"issue":"6","key":"7030_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2002.804287","volume":"13","author":"MS Bartlett","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bartlett MS, Movellan JR, Sejnowski TJ (2002) Face recognition by independent component analysis. IEEE Trans Neural Netw\/a publication of the IEEE Neural Networks Council 13(6):1450","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw\/a publication of the IEEE Neural Networks Council"},{"key":"7030_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen C, Jafari R, Kehtarnavaz N (2015) Action recognition from depth sequences using depth motion maps-based local binary patterns. In: Applications of computer vision (WACV), IEEE winter conference, pp 1092\u20131099","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2015.150"},{"issue":"4","key":"7030_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-015-0804-2","volume":"10","author":"C Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen C, Zhang B, Su H, Li W, Wang L (2016) Land-use scene classification using multi-scale completed local binary patterns. SIViP 10(4):745\u2013752","journal-title":"SIViP"},{"key":"7030_CR10","first-page":"91","volume":"160-187","author":"I Cohen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cohen I, Sebe N, Garg A, Chen LS, Huang TS (2003) Facial expression recognition from video sequences: temporal and static modeling. Comput Vis Image Underst 160-187:91","journal-title":"Comput Vis Image Underst"},{"key":"7030_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards GJ, Cootes TF, Taylor CJ (1998) Face recognition using active appearance models. In: European conference on computer vision. Springer, Berlin, pp 581\u2013595","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0054766"},{"key":"7030_CR12","volume-title":"Facial action coding system. Investigator\u2019s guide","author":"P Ekman","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ekman P, Friesen WV (1978) Facial action coding system. Investigator\u2019s guide. Consulting Psychologists Press, Washington"},{"key":"7030_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2016.03.009","volume":"38","author":"S Gb\u00e8hounou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gb\u00e8hounou S, Lecellier F, Fernandez-Maloigne C (2016) Evaluation of local and global descriptors for emotional impact recognition. J Vis Commun Image Represent 38:276\u2013283","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Image Represent"},{"issue":"1","key":"7030_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2011.05.006","volume":"45","author":"W Gu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gu W, Xiang C, Venkatesh YV, Huang D, Lin H (2012) Facial expression recognition using radial encoding of local Gabor features and classifier synthesis. Pattern Recogn 45(1):80\u201391","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"key":"7030_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2017.11.007","volume":"50","author":"X Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo X, Tie Y, Ye L, Yan J (2018) Identifying facial expression using adaptive sub-layer compensation based feature extraction. J Vis Commun Image Represent 50:65\u201373","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Image Represent"},{"key":"7030_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadid A, Pietikainen M, Ahonen T (2004) A discriminative feature space for detecting and recognizing faces. In: Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on IEEE computer vision and pattern recognition, CVPR 2004, vol 2, pp II\u2013II","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2004.1315246"},{"issue":"1","key":"7030_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2014.2386334","volume":"6","author":"SL Happy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Happy SL, Routray A (2015) Automatic facial expression recognition using features of salient facial patches. IEEE Trans Affect Comput 6(1):1\u201312","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Affect Comput"},{"issue":"6","key":"7030_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8060483","volume":"8","author":"L Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang L, Chen C, Li W, Du Q (2016) Remote sensing image scene classification using multi-scale completed local binary patterns and fisher vectors. Remote Sens 8(6):483","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"7030_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim BK, Dong SY, Roh J, Kim G, Lee SY (2016) Fusing aligned and non-aligned face information for automatic affect recognition in the wild: a deep learning approach. In: IEEE conference computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR) workshops, pp 48\u201357","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2016.187"},{"issue":"7","key":"7030_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2381602","volume":"53","author":"W Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li W, Chen C, Su H, Du Q (2015) Local binary patterns and extreme learning machine for hyperspectral imagery classification. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 53(7):3681\u20133693","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens"},{"issue":"8","key":"7030_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-016-0950-1","volume":"10","author":"J Liang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liang J, Hou Z, Chen C, Xu X (2016) Supervised bilateral two-dimensional locality preserving projection algorithm based on Gabor wavelet. SIViP 10(8):1441\u20131448","journal-title":"SIViP"},{"key":"7030_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao S, Fan W, Chung AC, Yeung DY (2006) Facial expression recognition using advanced local binary patterns, tsallis entropies and global appearance features. In: IEEE international conference on IEEE image processing, pp 665\u2013668","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2006.312418"},{"key":"7030_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2016.07.026","volume":"61","author":"AT Lopes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lopes AT, DeAguiar E, DeSouza AF, et al (2017) Facial expression recognition with convolutional neural networks: coping with few data and the training sample order. Pattern Recogn 61:610\u2013628","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"2","key":"7030_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","volume":"60","author":"DG Lowe","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lowe DG (2004) Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. Int J Comput Vis 60(2):91\u2013110","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"key":"7030_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucey P, Cohn JF, Kanade T, Saragih J, Ambadar Z, Matthews I (2010) The extended cohn-kanade dataset (ck+): a complete dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression. In: 2010 IEEE computer society conference on IEEE computer vision and pattern recognition workshops (CVPRW), pp 94\u2013101","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2010.5543262"},{"key":"7030_CR26","unstructured":"Lyons MJ, Akamatsu S, Kamachi M, Gyoba J, Budynek J (1998) The Japanese female facial expression (JAFFE) database. In: Proceedings of third international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition, pp 14\u201316"},{"key":"7030_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2015.06.007","volume":"67","author":"D Sanchez-Mendoza","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sanchez-Mendoza D, Masip D, Lapedriza A (2015) Emotion recognition from mid-level features. Pattern Recogn Lett 67:66\u201374","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"key":"7030_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2017.02.007","volume":"45","author":"A Moeini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moeini A, Faez K, Moeini H, Safai AM (2017) Facial expression recognition using dual dictionary learning. J Vis Commun Image Represent 45:20\u201333","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Image Represent"},{"issue":"5","key":"7030_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2014.03.006","volume":"25","author":"MR Mohammadi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohammadi MR, Fatemizadeh E, Mahoor MH (2014) PCA-based dictionary building for accurate facial expression recognition via sparse representation. J Vis Commun Image Represent 25(5):1082\u20131092","journal-title":"J Vis Commun Image Represent"},{"key":"7030_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mollahosseini A, Chan D, Mahoor MH (2016) Going deeper in facial expression recognition using deep neural networks. In: Applications of computer vision (WACV), I.E. winter conference on IEEE, pp 1\u201310","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2016.7477450"},{"issue":"1","key":"7030_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(95)00067-4","volume":"29","author":"T Ojala","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ojala T, Pietik\u00e4inen M, Harwood D (1996) A comparative study of texture measures with classification based on featured distributions. Pattern Recogn 29(1):51\u201359","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"7","key":"7030_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1017623","volume":"24","author":"T Ojala","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ojala T, Pietikainen M, Maenpaa T (2002) Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 24(7):971\u2013987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"7030_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pantic M, Patras I (2006) Dynamics of facial expression: recognition of facial actions and their temporal segments from face profile image sequences, vol 36, pp 433\u2013449","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2005.859075"},{"key":"7030_CR34","unstructured":"Paulo D, de Bem R, de Melo A (2011) Analyzing and exploring feature detectors in images. In: IEEE international conference on industrial informatics (INDIN), pp 305\u2013310"},{"issue":"6","key":"7030_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2008.08.005","volume":"27","author":"C Shan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shan C, Gong S, McOwan PW (2009) Facial expression recognition based on local binary patterns: a comprehensive study. Image Vis Comput 27(6):803\u2013816","journal-title":"Image Vis Comput"},{"key":"7030_CR36","unstructured":"Txia JD, Huang CL (2009) Age estimation using AAM and local facial features. In: Fifth international conference on IEEE intelligent information hiding and multimedia signal processing, IIH-MSP\u201909, pp 885\u2013888"},{"key":"7030_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valstar M, Pantic M (2006) Fully automatic facial action unit detection and temporal analysis. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshop, vol 149","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2006.85"},{"key":"7030_CR38","unstructured":"Valstar M, Pantic M (2010) Induced disgust, happiness and surprise: an addition to the mmi facial expression database. In: Proceedings 3rd intern workshop on emotion (satellite of LREC): corpora for research on emotion and affect, vol 65"},{"key":"7030_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valstar M, Patras I, Pantic M (2005) Facial action unit detection using probabilistic actively learned support vector machines on tracked facial point data. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshop, vol 3, pp 76\u201384","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.457"},{"key":"7030_CR40","volume-title":"The nature of statistical learning theory","author":"V Vapnik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vapnik V (2013) The nature of statistical learning theory. Springer Science and Business Media, Berlin"},{"issue":"2","key":"7030_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000013087.49260.fb","volume":"57","author":"P Viola","year":"2004","unstructured":"Viola P, Jones MJ (2004) Robust real-time face detection. Int J Comput Vis 57(2):137\u2013154","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"key":"7030_CR42","first-page":"1003","volume":"42.5","author":"X Xudong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xudong X, Lam KM (2009) Facial expression recognition based on shape and texture. Pattern Recogn 42.5:1003\u20131011","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"key":"7030_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"77","author":"B Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang B, Cao JM, Jiang DP, Lv JD (2017) Facial expression recognition based on dual-feature fusion and improved random forest classifier. Multimedia Tools and Applications 77:1\u201323","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"issue":"10","key":"7030_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2015.04.012","volume":"48","author":"W Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang W, Zhang YM, Ma L, et al (2015) Multimodal learning for facial expression recognition. Pattern Recogn 48(10):3191\u20133202","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-018-7030-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-018-7030-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-018-7030-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T13:18:51Z","timestamp":1775308731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-018-7030-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,14]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["7030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-018-7030-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1380-7501","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2018","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 December 2018","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 December 2018","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}