{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:18:51Z","timestamp":1778858331102,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"27-28","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-08737-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T11:03:08Z","timestamp":1586948588000},"page":"20221-20239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Automatic micro-expression apex spotting using Cubic-LBP"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Vida","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed Omid","family":"Shahdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"8737_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahonen T, Hadid A, Pietik\u00e4inen M (2004) Face recognition with local binary patterns. In: European conference on computer vision. Springer, p 469\u2013481","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24670-1_36"},{"key":"8737_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allaert B, Bilasco IM, Djeraba CJAPA (2018) Advanced local motion patterns for macro and micro facial expression recognition. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)","DOI":"10.5220\/0006127402350242"},{"key":"8737_CR3","unstructured":"Bhall RK, Sharma V (2015) A review: detection and analysis of facial micro-expression. Int J Educ Sci Res Rev (IJESRR) 2(1)"},{"key":"8737_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhry R, Ravichandran A, Hager G, Vidal R (2009) Histograms of oriented optical flow and binet-cauchy kernels on nonlinear dynamical systems for the recognition of human actions. In Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2009. CVPR 2009. IEEE Conference on, IEEE, pp 1932\u20131939","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206821"},{"key":"8737_CR5","unstructured":"Davison AK, Yap MH, Costen N, Tan K, Lansley C, Leightley D (2014) Micro-facial movements: an investigation on spatio-temporal descriptors. In: European conference on computer vision. Springer, p 111\u2013123"},{"issue":"1","key":"8737_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2016.2573832","volume":"9","author":"AK Davison","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davison AK, Lansley C, Costen N, Tan K, Yap MH (2018) Samm: a spontaneous micro-facial movement dataset. IEEE Trans Affect Comput 9(1):116\u2013129","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Affect Comput"},{"key":"8737_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo Y, Tian Y, Gao X, Zhang X (2014) Micro-expression recognition based on local binary patterns from three orthogonal planes and nearest neighbor method. In: Neural Networks (IJCNN), 2014 International joint conference on, IEEE, pp 3473\u20133479","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2014.6889620"},{"key":"8737_CR8","unstructured":"Haggard EA, Isaacs KS (1966) Micromomentary facial expressions as indicators of ego mechanisms in psychotherapy. In: Methods of research in psychotherapy. Springer, p 154\u2013165"},{"key":"8737_CR9","unstructured":"Hong X, Xu Y, Zhao G (2016) LBP-TOP: a tensor unfolding revisit. In: Asian conference on computer vision. Springer, p 513\u2013527"},{"key":"8737_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2015.10.096","volume":"175","author":"X Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang X, Zhao G, Hong X, Zheng W, Pietik\u00e4inen MJN (2016) Spontaneous facial micro-expression analysis using spatiotemporal completed local quantized patterns. Neurocomputing 175:564\u2013578","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"8737_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li X, Pfister T, Huang X, Zhao G, Pietik\u00e4inen M (2013) A spontaneous micro-expression database: Inducement, collection and baseline, in Automatic face and gesture recognition (fg), 2013 10th ieee international conference and workshops on, IEEE, p 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2013.6553717"},{"issue":"4","key":"8737_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2017.2667642","volume":"9","author":"X Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li X et al (2018) Towards reading hidden emotions: a comparative study of spontaneous micro-expression spotting and recognition methods. IEEE Trans Affect Comput 9(4):563\u2013577","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Affect Comput"},{"key":"8737_CR13","unstructured":"Liong S-T, See J, Wong K, Le Ngo AC, Oh Y-H, Phan RC-W (2015) Automatic apex frame spotting in micro-expression database. ACPR, p 665\u2013669"},{"key":"8737_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2017.11.006","volume":"62","author":"S-T Liong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liong S-T, See J, Wong K, Phan RC-W (2018) Less is more: micro-expression recognition from video using apex frame. Signal Process Image Commun 62:82\u201392","journal-title":"Signal Process Image Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"8737_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2015.2485205","volume":"7","author":"Y-J Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu Y-J, Zhang J-K, Yan W-J, Wang S-J, Zhao G, Fu XJIT o AC (2016) A main directional mean optical flow feature for spontaneous micro-expression recognition. IEEE Trans Affect Comput 7(4):299\u2013310","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Affect Comput"},{"key":"8737_CR16","unstructured":"Lu Z, Luo Z, Zheng H, Chen J, Li W (2014) A Delaunay-based temporal coding model for micro-expression recognition, in Asian conference on computer vision. Springer, p 698\u2013711"},{"key":"8737_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma H, An G, Wu S, Yang F (2017) A region histogram of oriented optical flow (RHOOF) feature for apex frame spotting in micro-expression. In: Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS), 2017 International Symposium on, IEEE, p 281\u2013286","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPACS.2017.8266489"},{"key":"8737_CR18","unstructured":"Merghani W, Davison AK, Yap MHJAPA (2018) A review on facial micro-expressions analysis: datasets, features and metrics. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)"},{"key":"8737_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moilanen A, Zhao G, Pietik\u00e4inen M (2014) Spotting rapid facial movements from videos using appearance-based feature difference analysis. In: Pattern Recognition (ICPR), 2014 22nd International Conference on, IEEE, p 1722\u20131727","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2014.303"},{"issue":"18","key":"8737_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3904","DOI":"10.3390\/app9183904","volume":"9","author":"F Nonis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nonis F, Dagnes N, Marcolin F, Vezzetti EJAS (2019) 3D approaches and challenges in facial expression recognition algorithms\u2014A Literature review. Appl Sci 9(18):3904","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"8737_CR21","first-page":"1128","volume":"9","author":"Y-H Oh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oh Y-H, See J, Le Ngo AC, Phan RC-W, Baskaran VMJF i p (2018) A survey of automatic facial micro-expression analysis: databases, methods, and challenges. Comput Vis Pattern Recogn (cs.CV) 9:1128","journal-title":"Comput Vis Pattern Recogn (cs.CV)"},{"issue":"1","key":"8737_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(95)00067-4","volume":"29","author":"T Ojala","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ojala T, Pietik\u00e4inen M, Harwood D (1996) A comparative study of texture measures with classification based on featured distributions. Pattern Recogn 29(1):51\u201359","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"key":"8737_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfister T, Li X, Zhao G, Pietik\u00e4inen M (2011) Recognising spontaneous facial micro-expressions. In: Computer Vision (ICCV), 2011 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, p 1449\u20131456","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2011.6126401"},{"key":"8737_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polikovsky S, Kameda Y, Ohta Y (2009) Facial micro-expressions recognition using high speed camera and 3D-gradient descriptor. In: Crime Detection and Prevention (ICDP 2009), 3rd international conference on crime detection and prevention, IET, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1049\/ic.2009.0244"},{"issue":"4","key":"8737_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2017.2654440","volume":"9","author":"F Qu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qu F, Wang S-J, Yan W-J, Li H, Wu S, Fu XJIT o AC (2018) CAS (ME) ^ 2: a database for spontaneous macro-expression and micro-expression spotting and recognition. IEEE Trans Affect Comput 9(4):424\u2013436","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Affect Comput"},{"key":"8737_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Hernandez JA, Pietik\u00e4inen M (2013) Encoding local binary patterns using the re-parametrization of the second order gaussian jet. In: Automatic face and gesture recognition (FG), 2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on, IEEE, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2013.6553709"},{"issue":"6","key":"8737_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2008.08.005","volume":"27","author":"C Shan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shan C, Gong S, McOwan PWJI, V. Computing (2009) Facial expression recognition based on local binary patterns: a comprehensive study. Image Vis Comput 27(6):803\u2013816","journal-title":"Image Vis Comput"},{"key":"8737_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.14733\/cadaps.2019.256-268","volume":"16","author":"S Tornincasa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tornincasa S et al (2019) 3D facial action units and expression recognition using a crisp logic. Comput-Aided Des Appl 16:256\u2013268","journal-title":"Comput-Aided Des Appl"},{"key":"8737_CR29","unstructured":"Wang Y, See J, Phan RC-W, Oh Y-H (2014) Lbp with six intersection points: Reducing redundant information in lbp-top for micro-expression recognition, in Asian Conference on Computer Vision. Springer, pp 525\u2013537"},{"key":"8737_CR30","unstructured":"Yan W-J, Wu Q, Liu Y-J, Wang S-J, Fu X (2013) CASME database: a dataset of spontaneous micro-expressions collected from neutralized faces. In: Automatic face and gesture recognition (fg), 2013 10th ieee international conference and workshops on, IEEE, pp 1\u20137"},{"key":"8737_CR31","unstructured":"Yan W-J, Wang S-J, Chen Y-H, Zhao G, Fu X (2014) Quantifying micro-expressions with constraint local model and local binary pattern. In: Workshop at the European conference on computer vision. Springer, pp 296\u2013305"},{"issue":"1","key":"8737_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86041","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086041","volume":"9","author":"W-J Yan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yan W-J et al (2014) CASME II: An improved spontaneous micro-expression database and the baseline evaluation. PloS one 9(1):e86041","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"6","key":"8737_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.1110","volume":"29","author":"G Zhao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zhao G, Pietikainen M (2007) Dynamic texture recognition using local binary patterns with an application to facial expressions. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 29(6):915\u2013928","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-020-08737-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-020-08737-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-020-08737-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T09:06:12Z","timestamp":1618477572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-020-08737-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"27-28","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["8737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-020-08737-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1380-7501","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 May 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}]}}