{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T11:42:49Z","timestamp":1782301369315,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-09597-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T01:02:36Z","timestamp":1598317356000},"page":"23241-23253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Learning accurate personal protective equipment detection from virtual worlds"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5781-7060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Di Benedetto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Carrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Meloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Falchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Gennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"9597_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aubry M, Russell BC (2015) Understanding deep features with computer-generated imagery. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision, pp 2875\u20132883","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.329"},{"key":"9597_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bewley A, Rigley J, Liu Y, Hawke J, Shen R, Lam V-D, Kendall A (2018) Learning to drive from simulation without real world labels, arXiv:1812.03823","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8793668"},{"key":"9597_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bochinski E, Eiselein V, Sikora T (2016) Training a convolutional neural network for multi-class object detection using solely virtual world data. In: Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS), 2016 13th, IEEE international conference on IEEE, pp 278\u2013285","DOI":"10.1109\/AVSS.2016.7738056"},{"key":"9597_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen C, Seff A, Kornhauser A, Xiao J (2015) Deepdriving: Learning affordance for direct perception in autonomous driving. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision, pp 2722\u20132730","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.312"},{"key":"9597_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng J, Dong W, Socher R, Li L, Li K, Fei-Fei L (2009) Imagenet: A large-scale hierarchical image database. In: 2009 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 248\u2013255","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"9597_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"di Benedetto M, Meloni E, Amato G, Falchi F, Gennaro C (2019) Learning safety equipment detection using virtual worlds. In: International conference on Content-Based multimedia indexing (CBMI), Sep. 2019, pp 8\u201313","DOI":"10.1109\/CBMI.2019.8877466"},{"issue":"1","key":"9597_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-014-0733-5","volume":"111","author":"M Everingham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Everingham M, Eslami SMA, Van Gool L, Williams CKI, Winn J, Zisserman A (2015) The pascal visual object classes challenge: a retrospective. Int J Comput Vis 111(1):98\u2013136","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vis"},{"key":"9597_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabbri M, Lanzi F, Calderara S, Palazzi A, Vezzani R, Cucchiara R (2018) Learning to detect and track visible and occluded body joints in a virtual world. In: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01225-0_27"},{"key":"9597_CR9","unstructured":"Filipowicz A, Liu J, Kornhauser A (2017) Learning to recognize distance to stop signs using the virtual world of grand theft auto 5, Tech. Rep."},{"key":"9597_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong Z-W, Yu-Ming C, Su S-Y, Shann T-Y, Chang Y-H, Yang H-K, Ho BH-L, Tu C-C, Chang Y-C, Hsiao T-C et al (2018) Virtual-to-real: Learning to control in visual semantic segmentation, arXiv:1802.00285","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/682"},{"key":"9597_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson-Roberson M, Barto C, Mehta R, Sridhar SN, Vasudevan R (2016) Driving in the matrix, Can virtual worlds replace human-generated annotations for real world tasks? arXiv:1610.01983","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2017.7989092"},{"key":"9597_CR12","unstructured":"Kuznetsova A, Rom H, Alldrin N, Uijlings JRR, Krasin I, Pont-tuset J, Kamali S, Popov S, Malloci M, Duerig T, Ferrari V (2018) The open images dataset V4: unified image classification, object detection, and visual relationship detection at scale. arXiv:1811.00982"},{"key":"9597_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai K-T, Lin C-C, Kang C-Y, Liao M-E, Chen M-S (2018) Vivid: virtual environment for visual deep learning. In: Proceedings of the 26th ACM international conference on multimedia, ser. MM \u201918. New York, NY, USA: ACM, pp 1356\u20131359","DOI":"10.1145\/3240508.3243653"},{"key":"9597_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin T-Y, Maire M, Belongie S, Hays J, Perona P, Ramanan D, Doll\u00e1r P, Zitnick CL (2014) Microsoft coco: common objects in context. In: Fleet D, Pajdla T, Schiele B, Tuytelaars T (eds) Computer vision \u2013 ECCV 2014. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 740\u2013755","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10602-1_48"},{"key":"9597_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin T-Y, Doll\u00e1r P, Girshick R, He K, Hariharan B, Belongie S (2017) Feature pyramid networks for object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 2117\u20132125","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.106"},{"key":"9597_CR16","unstructured":"Long M, Cao Y, Wang J, Jordan MI (2015) Learning transferable features with deep adaptation networks. In: Proceedings of the 32nd international conference on international conference on machine learning - volume 37, ser, ICML\u201915. http:\/\/JMLR.org, pp 97\u2013105"},{"key":"9597_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo W, Sun P, Zhong F, Liu W, Zhang T, Wang Y (2019) End-to-end active object tracking and its real-world deployment via reinforcement learning. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2899570"},{"key":"9597_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mar\u00edn J, V\u00e1zquez D, Ger\u00f3nimo D, L\u00f3pez AM (2010) Learning appearance in virtual scenarios for pedestrian detection. In: IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, June 2010, pp 137\u2013144","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2010.5540218"},{"key":"9597_CR19","unstructured":"Martinez M, Sitawarin C, Finch K, Meincke L, Yablonski A, Kornhauser A (2017) Beyond grand theft auto v for training, testing and enhancing deep learning in self driving cars, arXiv:1712.01397"},{"key":"9597_CR20","unstructured":"Meloni E, Di Benedetto M, Amato G, Falchi F, Gennaro C (2019) Project Website. http:\/\/aimir.isti.cnr.it\/vw-ppe"},{"key":"9597_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu W, Yuille A (2016) Unrealcv: Connecting computer vision to unreal engine. In: European conference on computer vision. Springer, pp 909\u2013916","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49409-8_75"},{"key":"9597_CR22","unstructured":"RAGE Plugin Hook (2013) https:\/\/ragepluginhook.net"},{"key":"9597_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redmon J, Divvala S, Girshick R, Farhadi A (2016) You only look once: unified, real-time object detection. In: The IEEE conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91"},{"key":"9597_CR24","unstructured":"Redmon J, Farhadi A (2018) Yolov3: an incremental improvement. arXiv:1804.02767"},{"key":"9597_CR25","unstructured":"Ren S, He K, Girshick R, Sun J (2015) Faster r-cnn: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. In: Cortes C, Lawrence ND, Lee DD, Sugiyama M, Garnett R (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 28. Curran Associates, Inc., pp 91\u201399"},{"key":"9597_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richter SR, Vineet V, Roth S, Koltun V (2016) Playing for data: ground truth from computer games. In: European conference on computer vision. Springer, pp 102\u2013118","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46475-6_7"},{"key":"9597_CR27","unstructured":"Rockstar Games Inc. (2013) Grand Theft Auto - V https:\/\/www.rockstargames.com\/V"},{"key":"9597_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tremblay J, Prakash A, Acuna D, Brophy M, Jampani V, Anil C, To T, Cameracci E, Boochoon S, Birchfield S (2018) Training deep networks with synthetic data: bridging the reality gap by domain randomization. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops, pp 969\u2013977","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2018.00143"},{"key":"9597_CR29","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez D, Lopez AM, Ponsa D (2012) Unsupervised domain adaptation of virtual and real worlds for pedestrian detection. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR2012), pp 3492\u20133495"},{"issue":"4","key":"9597_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2013.163","volume":"36","author":"D V\u00e1zquez","year":"2014","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez D, L\u00f3pez AM, Mar\u00edn J, Ponsa D, Ger\u00f3nimo D (2014) Virtual and real world adaptation for pedestrian detection. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 36(4):797\u2013809","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-020-09597-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-020-09597-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-020-09597-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:12:25Z","timestamp":1629850345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-020-09597-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-020-09597-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1380-7501","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 November 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}