{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T12:37:28Z","timestamp":1775911048467,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-021-10837-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T18:06:21Z","timestamp":1617818781000},"page":"24573-24602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["A method for automatic classification of gender based on text- independent handwriting"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Payal","family":"Maken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8592-9964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"10837_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.05.033","volume":"85","author":"M Ahmed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahmed M, Ghulam A, Afzal H, Siddiqi I (2017) Improving handwriting based gender classification using ensemble classifiers. Expert Syst Appl 85:158\u2013168","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"C","key":"10837_CR2","first-page":"7","volume":"59","author":"Y Akbari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akbari Y, Nouri K, Sadri J, Djeddi C, Siddiqi I (2017) Wavelet-based gender detection on off-line handwritten documents using probabilistic finite state automata. IMAVIS (Image and Vision Computing) 59(C):7\u201330","journal-title":"IMAVIS (Image and Vision Computing)"},{"key":"10837_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al M S, Hassa\u00efne A (2012) ICFHR2012 Competition on writer identification - challenge 2 : arabic scripts. 2012 Int Conf Front Handwriting Recognition 831\u2013836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICFHR.2012.218","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR.2012.218"},{"issue":"15","key":"10837_CR4","first-page":"742","volume":"95","author":"S Al Maadeed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al Maadeed S, Ayouby W, Hassa\u00efne A, Mohamad Aljaam J (2012) QUWI: an Arabic and English handwriting dataset for offline writer identification. IIEEE:nternational Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition QUWI 95(15):742\u2013747","journal-title":"IIEEE:nternational Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition QUWI"},{"key":"10837_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Maadeed S, Hassaine A (2014) Automatic prediction of age, gender, and nationality in offline handwriting. Eurasip J Image Vid Process:1\u201310","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-5281-2014-10"},{"issue":"7904","key":"10837_CR6","first-page":"999","volume":"346","author":"N Altman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Altman N, Krzywinski M (2015) Simple linear regression. BMJ (Online) 346(7904):999\u20131000","journal-title":"BMJ (Online)"},{"key":"10837_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atanasiu V, Likforman-sulem L, Vincent N (2011) Writer retrieval \u2014 exploration of a novel biometric scenario using perceptual features derived from script orientation. International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition 1:628\u2013632","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2011.132"},{"issue":"2","key":"10837_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.11591\/ijeecs.v3.i2.pp377-382","volume":"3","author":"RD Atmaja","year":"2016","unstructured":"Atmaja RD, Murti MA, Halomoan J, Suratman FY (2016) An image processing method to convert RGB image into binary. Indones J Electr Eng Comput Sci 3(2):377\u2013382","journal-title":"Indones J Electr Eng Comput Sci"},{"issue":"August 2016","key":"10837_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21777","DOI":"10.37622\/IJAER\/10.9.2015.21777-21783","volume":"10","author":"SL Bangare","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bangare SL, Dubal A, Bangare PS, DSTP (2015) Reviewing Otsu \u2019 s method for image Thresholding. Int J Appl Eng Res 10(August 2016):21777\u201321783","journal-title":"Int J Appl Eng Res"},{"key":"10837_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beech JR,Mackintosh IC (2005) Do differences in sex hormones affect handwriting style? Evidence from digit ratio and sex role identity as determinants of the sex of handwriting. Pers Individ Differ 39(2):459\u2013468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2005.01.024"},{"key":"10837_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benchamardimath B (2015) A study on the importance of image processing and its applications. Int J Res Eng Technol 03(15):155\u2013160","DOI":"10.15623\/ijret.2014.0315029"},{"key":"10837_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bouadjenek N, Nemmour H, Chibani Y (2017) Writer\u2019s gender classification using HOG and LBP features. Recent advances in electrical engineering and control applications. ICEECA. Lect Notes Electr En 411:317\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-48929-2_24","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-48929-2_24"},{"key":"10837_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boyadzhieva D, Gluhchev G (2014) A combined method for on-line signature verification. Cybern Inf Technol 14(2):92\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/cait-2014-0022","DOI":"10.2478\/cait-2014-0022"},{"issue":"7","key":"10837_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(96)00142-2","volume":"30","author":"AP Bradley","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bradley AP (1997) The use of the area under the roc curve in the evaluation of machine learning algorithms. Pattern Recogn 30(7):1145\u20131159","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"key":"10837_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burr V (2002) Judging gender from samples of adult handwriting: accuracy and use of cues. J Soc Psychol 142(6):691\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224540209603929","DOI":"10.1080\/00224540209603929"},{"key":"10837_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chanda S, Franke K, Pal U (2012) Text independent writer identification for Oriya script. 10th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems 369\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DAS.2012.86","DOI":"10.1109\/DAS.2012.86"},{"key":"10837_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chanda S, Franke K, Pal U, Wakabayashi T (2010) text independent writer identification for Bengali script. Int Conf Pattern Recognition Text 2005\u20132008","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2010.494"},{"key":"10837_CR18","unstructured":"Cutler A (2010) Random forests for survival, Regression Classification 1\u2013129"},{"key":"10837_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinehart LH (2015) Handwriting in early childhood education: current research and future implications. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy 15(1):97\u2013118","DOI":"10.1177\/1468798414522825"},{"key":"10837_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djeddi C (2015) ICDAR2015 competition on multi-script writer identification and gender classification using \u2019 QUWI \u2019 database. 13th international conference on document analysis and recognition (ICDAR) 1191\u20131195","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2015.7333949"},{"key":"10837_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djeddi C, Gattal A, Souici-Meslati L, Siddiqi I, Chibani Y, El Abed H (2014) LAMIS-MSHD: a multi-script offline handwriting database. Proceedings of international conference on Frontiers in handwriting recognition, ICFHR 2014-Decem (September):93\u201397","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR.2014.23"},{"issue":"1","key":"10837_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1145\/361237.361242","volume":"15","author":"RO Duda","year":"1972","unstructured":"Duda RO, Hart PE (1972) Use of the Hough transformation to detect lines and curves in pictures. Commun ACM 15(1):11\u201315","journal-title":"Commun ACM"},{"key":"10837_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fakhr MW (2011) Arabic optical character recognition (OCR) systems overview. Doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/2.1.3898.3682","DOI":"10.13140\/2.1.3898.3682"},{"key":"10837_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fornes A, Llados J, Sanchez G (2008) Writer identification in old handwritten music scores. Work Doc Anal Syst 347\u2013353","DOI":"10.1109\/DAS.2008.29"},{"key":"10837_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gattal A, Djeddi C, Bensefia A, Ennaji A (2020) Handwriting based gender classification using cold and hinge features. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-51935-3_25","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51935-3_25"},{"issue":"February","key":"10837_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.01.038","volume":"99","author":"A Gattal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gattal A, Djeddi C, Siddiqi I, Chibani Y (2018) Gender classification from offline multi-script handwriting images using oriented basic image features (oBIFs). Expert Syst Appl 99(February):155\u2013167","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"issue":"8","key":"10837_CR27","first-page":"975","volume":"163","author":"B Gupta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gupta B, Uttarakhand P, Rawat IA (2017) Analysis of various decision tree algorithms for classification in data mining. Int J Comput Appl 163(8):975\u20138887","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"issue":"7","key":"10837_CR28","first-page":"39","volume":"6","author":"F Hadavandkhani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hadavandkhani F, Bahrami H (2008) Handwriting difficulties: introducing an instrument. Iran Rehabil 6(7):39\u201346","journal-title":"Iran Rehabil"},{"issue":"January 2015","key":"10837_CR29","first-page":"37","volume":"136","author":"S Hamid","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hamid S, Loewenthal KM (1996) The journal of social inferring gender from handwriting in Urdu and English. J Soc Psychol 136(January 2015):37\u201341","journal-title":"J Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10837_CR30","first-page":"141","volume":"17","author":"J Hartley","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hartley J (1991) Sex. Differ Handwriting : Comment \\Spear 17(2):141\u2013145","journal-title":"Differ Handwriting : Comment \\Spear"},{"key":"10837_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hassa\u00efne A, Maadeed S Al, Aljaam J, Jaoua A (2013) ICDAR2013 - Competition on Gender Prediction from Handwriting. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICDAR.2013.286","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2013.286"},{"key":"10837_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1996.83.3.791","volume":"83","author":"WN Hayes","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hayes WN (1996) Identifying sex from handwriting. Percept Mot Skills 83:791\u2013800","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"issue":"6","key":"10837_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.21275\/v5i6.NOV164228","volume":"5","author":"TK Hazra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hazra TK, Sarkar R, Kumar A (2016) Handwritten English character recognition using logistic regression and neural network. Int J Sci Res (IJSR) 5(6):750\u2013754","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res (IJSR)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10837_CR34","first-page":"5","volume":"16","author":"H Huanrui","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huanrui H (2016) New mixed kernel functions of SVM used in pattern recognition. Cybern Inf Technol 16(5):5\u201314","journal-title":"Cybern Inf Technol"},{"issue":"May 2017","key":"10837_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00013559","volume":"3","author":"S Jaeger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jaeger S, Jaeger S, Manke S, Reichert J, Waibel A (2001) Online handwriting recognition : the NPen ++ recognizer. Int J Doc Anal Recognit 3(May 2017):169\u2013180","journal-title":"Int J Doc Anal Recognit"},{"key":"10837_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeyalaksshmi S, Prasanna S (2017) Measuring distinct regions of grayscale image using pixel values. Int J Eng Technol 7(1.1):121\u2013124","DOI":"10.14419\/ijet.v7i1.1.9210"},{"key":"10837_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung Y, Hu J (2015) A K-fold averaging cross-validation procedure. J Nonparametric Stat 27(2):167\u2013179","DOI":"10.1080\/10485252.2015.1010532"},{"key":"10837_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4103\/jpcs.jpcs_11_17","volume":"3","author":"A Kaira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaira A (2017) The discovery of Beta-blockers. J Practice Cardiovasc Sci 3:36\u201338","journal-title":"J Practice Cardiovasc Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10837_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.09.022","volume":"27","author":"H Kameya","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kameya H, Mori S, Oka R (2006) A segmentation-free biometric writer verification method based on continuous dynamic programming. Pattern Recogn Lett 27(6):567\u2013577","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"10837_CR40","first-page":"111","volume":"1","author":"B Karlik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karlik B (2015) Performance analysis of various activation functions in generalized MLP architectures of neural networks. Int J Artif Intell Expert Syst 1(4):111\u2013122","journal-title":"Int J Artif Intell Expert Syst"},{"key":"10837_CR41","unstructured":"Koppenhaver KM (2007) Forensic document examination. Principles and practice 207\u2013208"},{"key":"10837_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar G, Bhatia PK (2014) A detailed review of feature extraction in image processing systems. International conference on advanced computing and communication technologies, ACCT 5\u201312","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCT.2014.74"},{"issue":"2","key":"10837_CR43","first-page":"5","volume":"7","author":"T Kumar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumar T, Verma K (2010) A theory based on conversion of RGB image to Gray image. Int J Comput Appl 7(2):5\u201312","journal-title":"Int J Comput Appl"},{"key":"10837_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liwicki M, Schlapbach A, Bunke H (2010) Automatic gender detection using on-line and off-line information. Pattern Anal Applic 14(1):87\u201392","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-010-0178-6"},{"key":"10837_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liwicki M, Schlapbach A, Bunke H, Bengio S, Mari\u00e9thoz J, Richiardi J (2006) Writer identification for smart meeting room systems. Lect Notes Comput Sci 186\u2013195","DOI":"10.1007\/11669487_17"},{"key":"10837_CR46","unstructured":"Liwicki M, Schlapbach A, Loretan P, Bunke H (2007) Automatic detection of gender and handedness from on-line handwriting. J Soc Psychol (march):179\u2013183"},{"key":"10837_CR47","unstructured":"Mahanta LB, Deka A (2013) Skew and slant angles of handwritten signature. 2030\u20132034"},{"issue":"3","key":"10837_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2013.08.009","volume":"47","author":"SA Mahmoud","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mahmoud SA, Ahmad I, Al-Khatib WG, Alshayeb M, Tanvir Parvez M, M\u00e4rgner V, Fink GA (2014) KHATT: an open Arabic offline handwritten text database. Pattern Recogn 47(3):1096\u20131112","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"key":"10837_CR49","unstructured":"Maken P, Gupta A (2019) Review of gender prediction based on handwriting recognition using computer vision algorithms. Int J Sci Res 6(5):206\u2013211"},{"issue":"2","key":"10837_CR50","first-page":"51","volume":"19","author":"P Maken","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maken P, Gupta A, Gupta MK (2019) A Study on various techniques involved in gender prediction system: a comprehensive review. Cybern Inf Technol 19(2):51\u201373","journal-title":"Cybern Inf Technol"},{"key":"10837_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marti U-V, Bunke H (1999) A full English sentence database for off-line handwriting recognition. International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition 705\u2013708","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.1999.791885"},{"issue":"1","key":"10837_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s100320200071","volume":"5","author":"UV Marti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Marti UV, Bunke H (2003) The IAM-database: an English sentence database for offline handwriting recognition. Int J Doc Anal Recognit 5(1):39\u201346","journal-title":"Int J Doc Anal Recognit"},{"key":"10837_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McLachlan GJ (1999) Mahalanobis distance. Resonance 4(6):20\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02834632","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02834632"},{"key":"10837_CR54","unstructured":"Mente R, Dhandra BV, Mukarambi G (2014) Image recognition using shape descriptor: eccentricity and color. BMRD\u2019s J Manag Res 3(1):210\u2013216"},{"key":"10837_CR55","unstructured":"Mirza A, Moetesum M, Siddiqi I (2016) ICFHR2016 Competition on Multi-script Writer Demographics Classification Using \u201c QUWI \u201c. 15th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition ICFHR2016. , pp 602\u2013606"},{"key":"10837_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirza A, Moetesum M, Siddiqi I, Djeddi C (2017) Gender classification from offline handwriting images using textural features. Proceedings of international conference on Frontiers in handwriting recognition 395\u2013398","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR.2016.0080"},{"key":"10837_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pali V, Goswami S, Bhaiya LP (2014) An extensive survey on feature extraction techniques for facial image processing. International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks 142\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CICN.2014.43","DOI":"10.1109\/CICN.2014.43"},{"key":"10837_CR58","unstructured":"Patil AB, Shaikh J (2016) OTSU Thresholding method for flower image segmentation. Int J Comput Eng Sci 6(5):1\u20136"},{"key":"10837_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purkait P, Kumar R, Chanda B (2010) Writer Identification for Handwritten Telugu Documents using Directional Morphological Features. International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition 658\u2013663","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFHR.2010.108"},{"issue":"3","key":"10837_CR60","first-page":"9","volume":"4","author":"A Raid","year":"2014","unstructured":"Raid A, Khedr W, El-dosuky M, Aoud M (2014) Image restoration based on morphological operations. Int J Comput Sci Eng Inf Technol 4(3):9\u201321","journal-title":"Int J Comput Sci Eng Inf Technol"},{"key":"10837_CR61","unstructured":"Rastogi P, Pillai MKRA study of fingerprints in relation to gender and blood group. J Indian Acad Forensic Med 32(1):11\u201314"},{"issue":"7","key":"10837_CR62","first-page":"12","volume":"8","author":"Z Razak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Razak Z, Zulkiflee K, Yamani M, Idris I, Tamil EM, Noorzaily M, Noor M, Salleh R, Yaacob M, Yusof ZM (2008) Off-line handwriting text line segmentation: a review. Int J Comput Sci Netw Secur 8(7):12\u201320","journal-title":"Int J Comput Sci Netw Secur"},{"issue":"2","key":"10837_CR63","first-page":"67","volume":"9","author":"M Sapp","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sapp M, Obiakor F, Scholze S (2007) Mahalanobis distance : a multivariate of effect in hypnosis research. Sleep hynosis 9(2):67\u201370","journal-title":"Sleep hynosis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10837_CR64","first-page":"196","volume":"2010","author":"C Saravanan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saravanan C (2010) Color image to grayscale image conversion. 2010 2nd international conference on computer engineering and applications. ICCEA 2010(2):196\u2013199","journal-title":"ICCEA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10837_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.14569\/IJARAI.2013.020206","volume":"2","author":"R Sathya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sathya R, Abraham A (2013) Comparison of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms for pattern classification. Int J Adv Res Artif Intell 2(2):34\u201338","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res Artif Intell"},{"key":"10837_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schomaker L, Franke K, Bulacu M (2006) Using codebooks of fragmented connected-component contours in forensic and historic writer identification. Pattern Recognit Lett 28(6):719\u2013727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2006.08.005"},{"key":"10837_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matjaz M, Zoran B (2013) ROC analysis of classifiers in machine learning: a survey May. Intell Data Anal 17(3):531\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/IDA-130592","DOI":"10.3233\/IDA-130592"},{"key":"10837_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghosha S, Shivakumarab P, Roya P, Pala U Luc T (2020) Graphology based handwritten character analysis for human behavior identification. CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology 5(1):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/trit.2019.0051","DOI":"10.1049\/trit.2019.0051"},{"key":"10837_CR69","unstructured":"Shabani S, Norouzi Y, Fariborz M (n.d.) Handwritten objects recognition using regularized logistic regression and feedforward neural"},{"key":"10837_CR70","unstructured":"Sharma V (2014) Object counting using MATLAB. Int J Sci Eng Res 5(3):614\u2013616"},{"key":"10837_CR71","unstructured":"Sharma A, Khare S, Chavan S (2017) A review on handwritten character recognition 1 1,2,3. 8491:71\u201375"},{"key":"10837_CR72","first-page":"226","volume":"2009","author":"I Siddiqi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Siddiqi I, Cloppet F (September 2014) Vincent N (2009) contour based features for the classification of ancient manuscripts. Advances Graphonomics: Proceedings of IGS 2009:226\u2013229","journal-title":"Advances Graphonomics: Proceedings of IGS"},{"issue":"4","key":"10837_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-014-0371-0","volume":"18","author":"I Siddiqi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Siddiqi I, Djeddi C, Raza A (2015) Automatic analysis of handwriting for gender classification. Pattern Anal Applic 18(4):887\u2013899","journal-title":"Pattern Anal Applic"},{"issue":"V","key":"10837_CR74","first-page":"270","volume":"2","author":"D Sinwar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sinwar D, Kaushik R (2014) Study of Euclidean and Manhattan distance metrics using simple K-means clustering. Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol 2(V):270\u2013274","journal-title":"Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol"},{"key":"10837_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spear MG (1989) Differences between the written work of boys and girls. Br Educ Res J 15(3):271\u2013277. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1501263","DOI":"10.1080\/0141192890150304"},{"key":"10837_CR76","unstructured":"Strecht P, Cruz L, Soares C, Mendes-Moreira J, Abreu R (2015) PER-08: a comparative Study of classification and regression algorithms for modelling students\u2019 academic performance. Portugal 392\u2013395"},{"issue":"1","key":"10837_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2012.07.012","volume":"46","author":"M Tanvir Parvez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tanvir Parvez M, Mahmoud SA (2013) Arabic handwriting recognition using structural and syntactic pattern attributes. Pattern Recogn 46(1):141\u2013154","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"1","key":"10837_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(96)00183-3","volume":"22","author":"RP Tett","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tett RP, Palmer CA (1997) The validity of handwriting elements in relation to self-report personality trait measures. Personal Individ Differ 22(1):11\u201318","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"10837_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ting KM (2017) Confusion matrix. Encyclopedia Mach Learn Data Min 260\u2013260","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7687-1_50"},{"issue":"13","key":"10837_CR80","first-page":"11","volume":"9","author":"S Upadhyay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Upadhyay S, Singh J, Shukla SK (2017) Determination Sex Through Handwriting Character 9(13):11\u201318","journal-title":"Determination Sex Through Handwriting Character"},{"issue":"May 2014","key":"10837_CR81","first-page":"8","volume":"710","author":"D Visa Sofia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Visa Sofia D (2011) Confusion matrix-based feature selection Sofia Visa. ConfusionMatrix-based Feature Selection Sofia 710(May 2014):8","journal-title":"ConfusionMatrix-based Feature Selection Sofia"},{"key":"10837_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang X, Ding X (2004) An effective writer verification algorithm using negative samples. Ninth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition 509\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IWFHR.2004.14","DOI":"10.1109\/IWFHR.2004.14"},{"key":"10837_CR83","unstructured":"Xie Q, Xu Q (2013) Gender prediction from handwriting data mining course project -fall 2013. International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition 10\u201313. https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/c\/icdar2013-gender-prediction-from-handwriting"},{"key":"10837_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yilmaz MB, Yanikoglu B, Tirkaz C, Kholmatov A (2011) Offline signature verification using classifier combination of HOG and LBP features. 2011 international joint conference on biometrics, IJCB 2011. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IJCB.2011.6117473","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB.2011.6117473"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-021-10837-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-021-10837-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-021-10837-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T04:17:06Z","timestamp":1625458626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-021-10837-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10837"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-021-10837-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1380-7501","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 November 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest\/Competing interests"}}]}}