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We applied the model to human skin detection from an image; however, the method can also work for other machine learning tasks involving image pixels. We propose (1) an improved RGB\/HSL human skin color threshold to tackle darker human skin color detection problem. (2), we also present a new rule-based fast algorithm (packed k-dimensional tree --- PKT) that depends on an improved spatial structure for human skin\/face detection from colored 2D images. We also implemented a novel packed quad-tree (PQT) to speed up the quad-tree performance in terms of indexing. We compared the proposed system to traditional pixel-by-pixel (PBP)\/pixel-wise (PW) operation, and quadtree based procedures. The results show that our proposed spatial structure performs better (with a very low false hit rate, very high precision, and accuracy rate) than most state-of-the-art models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-021-10955-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]],"date-time":"2021-08-07T09:02:43Z","timestamp":1628326963000},"page":"32807-32839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["PKT: fast color-based spatial model for human skin detection"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7203-0263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace L.","family":"Samson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0585-2806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"10955_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abbas A R, Farooq A O (2018) Human skin colour detection using bayesian rough decision tree. 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