{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T21:56:57Z","timestamp":1769723817510,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Multimed Tools Appl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-021-11707-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T05:06:00Z","timestamp":1636434360000},"page":"2937-2957","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["3D face dense reconstruction based on sparse points using probabilistic principal component analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingce","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongke","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"11707_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aji OP, Purnama IKE, Yuniarno EM (2019) Facial model deformation based on landmarks using laplacian. In: 2019 International conference on computer engineering, network, and intelligent multimedia (CENIM), IEEE, pp 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/CENIM48368.2019.8973319"},{"key":"11707_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanz V, Vetter T (1999) A morphable model for the synthesis of 3d faces. In: Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, pp 187\u2013194","DOI":"10.1145\/311535.311556"},{"issue":"3","key":"11707_CR3","first-page":"413","volume":"20","author":"C Cao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cao C, Weng Y, Zhou S, Tong Y, Zhou K (2013) Facewarehouse: A 3d facial expression database for visual computing. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 20(3):413\u2013425","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"11707_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8696","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.3017347","volume":"29","author":"Y Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen Y, Wu F, Wang Z, Song Y, Ling Y, Bao L (2020) Self-supervised learning of detailed 3d face reconstruction. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 29:8696\u20138705","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"11707_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.11.011","volume":"208","author":"Q Deng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Deng Q, Zhou M, Shui W, Wu Z, Ji Y, Bai R (2011) A novel skull registration based on global and local deformations for craniofacial reconstruction. Forensic Science International 208(1\u20133):95\u2013102","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"11707_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2014.04.089","volume":"151","author":"F Duan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duan F, Huang D, Tian Y, Lu K, Wu Z, Zhou M (2015) 3d face reconstruction from skull by regression modeling in shape parameter spaces. Neurocomputing 151:674\u2013682","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"11707_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng Y, Wu F, Shao X, Wang Y, Zhou X (2018) Joint 3d face reconstruction and dense alignment with position map regression network. In: Proceedings of the european conference on computer vision (ECCV), pp 534\u2013551","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01264-9_33"},{"key":"11707_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari C, Berretti S, Pala P, Del Bimbo A (2018) Learning 3dmm deformation coefficients for rendering realistic expression images. In: International conference on smart multimedia, Springer, pp 320\u2013333","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04375-9_27"},{"issue":"1","key":"11707_CR9","first-page":"51","volume":"65","author":"M Geraci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Geraci M, Farcomeni A (2016) Probabilistic principal component analysis to identify profiles of physical activity behaviours in the presence of non-ignorable missing data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics) 65(1):51\u201375","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics)"},{"key":"11707_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruszczynski M, Klos A, Bogusz J (2019) A filtering of incomplete gnss position time series with probabilistic principal component analysis. In: Geodynamics and earth tides observations from global to micro scale, Springer, pp 247\u2013273","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96277-1_19"},{"issue":"13","key":"11707_CR11","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"M Gu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gu M, Shen W (2020) Generalized probabilistic principal component analysis of correlated data. Journal of Machine Learning Research 21(13):1\u201341","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"11707_CR12","unstructured":"Guo X, Li S, Yu J, Zhang J, Ma J, Ma L, Liu W, Ling H (2019) Pfld: a practical facial landmark detector. arXiv:190210859"},{"key":"11707_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu X, Wang Y, Zhu F, Pan C (2016) Learning-based fully 3d face reconstruction from a single image. In: 2016 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP), IEEE, pp 1651\u20131655","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2016.7471957"},{"issue":"1","key":"11707_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1198\/004017004000000563","volume":"47","author":"M Hubert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hubert M, Rousseeuw PJ, Vanden Branden K (2005) Robpca: a new approach to robust principal component analysis. Technometrics 47(1):64\u201379","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"11707_CR15","unstructured":"Jhanani R, Harshitha S, Kalaichelvi T, Subedha V (2020) Mobile application for human facial recognition to identify criminals and missing people using tensor flow pp 16\u201320"},{"key":"11707_CR16","first-page":"1755","volume":"10","author":"DE King","year":"2009","unstructured":"King DE (2009) Dlib-ml: A machine learning toolkit. Journal of Machine Learning Research 10:1755\u20131758","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"11707_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Knothe R, Romdhani S, Vetter T (2006) Combining pca and lfa for surface reconstruction from a sparse set of control points. In 7th international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition (FGR06), pp 637\u2013644, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FGR.2006.31","DOI":"10.1109\/FGR.2006.31"},{"key":"11707_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu F, Zeng D, Zhao Q, Liu X (2016) Joint face alignment and 3d face reconstruction. In: European conference on computer vision, Springer, pp 545\u2013560","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46454-1_33"},{"key":"11707_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu P, Han X, Lyu M, King I, Xu J (2020) Learning 3d face reconstruction with a pose guidance network. In: Proceedings of the asian conference on computer vision","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-69541-5_10"},{"issue":"1","key":"11707_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1166\/jmihi.2016.1602","volume":"6","author":"L Mredhula","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mredhula L, Dorairangaswamy M (2016) An effective filtering technique for image denoising using probabilistic principal component analysis (ppca). Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 6(1):194\u2013203","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics"},{"key":"11707_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paysan P, Knothe R, Amberg B, Romdhani S, Vetter T (2009a) A 3d face model for pose and illumination invariant face recognition. In: 2009 sixth IEEE international conference on advanced video and signal based surveillance, IEEE, pp 296\u2013301","DOI":"10.1109\/AVSS.2009.58"},{"key":"11707_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paysan P, Knothe R, Amberg B, Romdhani S, Vetter T (2009b) A 3d face model for pose and illumination invariant face recognition. In: 2009 Sixth IEEE international conference on advanced video and signal based surveillance, IEEE, pp 296\u2013301","DOI":"10.1109\/AVSS.2009.58"},{"key":"11707_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6lkopf B, Smola A, M\u00fcller KR (1997) Kernel principal component analysis. In: International conference on artificial neural networks, Springer, pp 583\u2013588","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0020217"},{"key":"11707_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2017.04.113","volume":"482","author":"SMS Shah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shah SMS, Batool S, Khan I, Ashraf MU, Abbas SH, Hussain SA (2017) Feature extraction through parallel probabilistic principal component analysis for heart disease diagnosis. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 482:796\u2013807","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"11707_CR25","first-page":"387","volume":"15","author":"AM Tekalp","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tekalp AM, Ostermann J (2000) Face and 2-d mesh animation in mpeg-4. Signal Processing: Image Communication 15(4\u20135):387\u2013421","journal-title":"Signal Processing: Image Communication"},{"key":"11707_CR26","unstructured":"Thomas D (2020) Real-time simultaneous 3D head modeling and facial motion capture with an RGB-D camera. arXiv:2004.10557"},{"issue":"3","key":"11707_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00196","volume":"61","author":"ME Tipping","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tipping ME, Bishop CM (1999) Probabilistic principal component analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology) 61(3):611\u2013622","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)"},{"key":"11707_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran L, Liu X (2018) Nonlinear 3d face morphable model. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00767"},{"key":"11707_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran L, Liu F, Liu X (2019) Towards high-fidelity nonlinear 3d face morphable model. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00122"},{"key":"11707_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuan Tran A, Hassner T, Masi I, Medioni G (2017) Regressing robust and discriminative 3d morphable models with a very deep neural network. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 5163\u20135172","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.163"},{"key":"11707_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaddi R, Manoharan P (2018) Probabilistic pca based hyper spectral image classification for remote sensing applications. In: International conference on intelligent systems design and applications, Springer, pp 863\u2013869","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16660-1_84"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"11707_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-7439(87)80084-9","volume":"2","author":"S Wold","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wold S, Esbensen K, Geladi P (1987) Principal component analysis. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 2(1\u20133):37\u201352","journal-title":"Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems"},{"key":"11707_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu CJ (1983) On the convergence properties of the em algorithm. Ann Stat :95\u2013103","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176346060"},{"key":"11707_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao Q, Han L, Liu P (2014) 3d face reconstruction via feature point depth estimation and shape deformation. In: 2014 22nd international conference on pattern recognition, IEEE, pp 2257\u20132262","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2014.392"},{"key":"11707_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi H, Li C, Cao Q, Shen X, Li S, Wang G, Tai YW (2019) Mmface: A multi-metric regression network for unconstrained face reconstruction. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 7663\u20137672","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00785"},{"issue":"10","key":"11707_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2016.2603342","volume":"23","author":"K Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang K, Zhang Z, Li Z, Qiao Y (2016) Joint face detection and alignment using multitask cascaded convolutional networks. IEEE Signal Processing Letters 23(10):1499\u20131503","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Processing Letters"},{"key":"11707_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhong Y, Pei Y, Li P, Guo Y, Ma G, Liu M, Bai W, Wu W, Zha H (2020) Face denoising and 3d reconstruction from a single depth image. In: 2020 15th IEEE international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition (FG 2020), pp 117\u2013124, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FG47880.2020.00005","DOI":"10.1109\/FG47880.2020.00005"},{"key":"11707_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu X, Lei Z, Liu X, Shi H, Li SZ (2016) Face alignment across large poses: A 3d solution. In: 2016 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.23"},{"issue":"2","key":"11707_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1198\/106186006X113430","volume":"15","author":"H Zou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zou H, Hastie T, Tibshirani R (2006) Sparse principal component analysis. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 15(2):265\u2013286","journal-title":"Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics"}],"container-title":["Multimedia Tools and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-021-11707-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11042-021-11707-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11042-021-11707-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T20:03:35Z","timestamp":1726085015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11042-021-11707-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["11707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-021-11707-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1380-7501","1573-7721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1380-7501","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}